BIOS 1300 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2025/2026
stem cells - Answers located in endosteum, inner layer of periosteum
osteoprogenitor cells - Answers stem cells that increase with bone stress and fractures
Osteoblasts - Answers bone forming cells, synsize organic material in bone
Osteoclasts - Answers function is bone resorption
-devolpe from bone marrow stem cells
-very large cells
osteocytes - Answers -mature osteoblasts
-live in lucane
-blood concreation of ca and phospate
-increases calium in blood
innercelluar - Answers fluid located inside cell
extracellular - Answers fluid located outside cell
gene - Answers segment within DNA that provide instructions for the sythnesis of certain
proteins
Basal cells - Answers superficial to baement membrane
spinsoum - Answers "spiny" due to desomes holding cells together
Granulsom - Answers has keratin
-fliaggrin oragnizes keratin into flat bundles
-realses lipif protein into extracellular matrix
lucidum - Answers clear protein in dead skin cells
corneum - Answers forms the acid mantel
Dermis - Answers -connective tissue
-primarly collagen and elastic fibers
-aerolar amd dense regular CT
-has dermal papillae
,-has glands, hair follicles, nails, blood vessles
hypodermis - Answers **not part of integument***
-primarly adiopose tissue
-Functions:
1.Thermal insulation
2.resiver for energy
3.protects body
-Thicker in woman
-infants/eledery have the least
-increase vascularity
transdermal drug delivery - Answers Local drugs:treatments acts in specific area
systemic drugs:treatments that affect the whole body
topical - Answers put on skin
ex) eye drops, inhaltion
enteric - Answers enters through GI tract
ex. meds
parental - Answers enters through IV
endocrine glands - Answers realse chemicals directly into bloodstream
ex. hormones
exocrine glands - Answers relase chemicals through ducts to outside of body
cilia - Answers hairs that are found on epethial cells
microvili - Answers hairs that are found on small intenses
cilia and microvili - Answers both increase surface area, allowing for more material to pass
tight junctions - Answers forms bonds with other cells or extracellular material
-located near apical surafce
,-forces material THROUGH cell
-prevents passage of subsatnces between epthial cells
desmosmes - Answers hold cells together
-resit mechincal stress
-stop it from pulling apart
gap junctions - Answers -forms a tunnel between cells as a direct passageway for subatances
to pass between cells
-ALLOWS MOLECULES TO PASS FROM ONE CELL TO ANOTHER
Transcription - Answers is when DNA is converted into RNA
Translation - Answers messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded in a ribosome to produce a specific
amino acid chain, or polypeptide. The polypeptide later folds into an active protein and performs
its functions in the cell
hypotonic - Answers is when in which the concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than
outside of it
hypertonic - Answers the conceration is higher outside the cell
lysis - Answers the degradtion of a cell by the cell membrane or cell wall
crenation - Answers The shrinkage of cells that occurs when the surrounding solution is
hypertonic to the cellular cytoplasm
-common in red blood cells
dark vs light skin - Answers Darker skin: produce more melanin, more spread out, breaks down
slowy, throughout eperdmims to stratum corneum
Lighter skin: produce less melanin, clumped around nucleus, im SPIDOUSM
epthial skin - Answers 1.proection
2.slective permebailty for absoprtion
3.secretions or excertions
4.sensation
5.filitration, b.ood, urine
-polar
, epthial skin - Answers -Apical surface-free
-basal surface-fused
-basement membrane holds underlying CT
-avasulairty
-gets nutrients from basal surface
-active transport
-highly intervarted
-high regeneration capticty
exocrine cells - Answers deep in CT while still mainting
-sweat glands, mammory glands
endocrine cells - Answers lack ducts and secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
muscle comparments - Answers a group of functionally related muscle envolped and seprated
from others by fascia
aponeurious - Answers a broad tendinious sheet
retinaclum - Answers a band of connective tissue that holds down a group of tendons
syngersit - Answers a muscle that assists the agonist in peroming its action
innervation - Answers a nerve or nerves that supply a muscle and stimulate it to contract
hypocalcemia - Answers a blood calcium defiancy in blood
-causes tremors, tetancy, muscles cant relax
-postive trousseau sign
hypercalmica - Answers a blood calcium excess, muscles weakness, slow reflexes
calcitriotal - Answers simulate absorption of calcium from small intestine to build bone
intramembranous ossification - Answers bone that devolpes in embryoginic CT for the future
demis
endochondral ossification - Answers fetal hyaline cartilage model devolpes
to BREAK a monomer from a polymer the reaction undergoes - Answers hydrolysis
stem cells - Answers located in endosteum, inner layer of periosteum
osteoprogenitor cells - Answers stem cells that increase with bone stress and fractures
Osteoblasts - Answers bone forming cells, synsize organic material in bone
Osteoclasts - Answers function is bone resorption
-devolpe from bone marrow stem cells
-very large cells
osteocytes - Answers -mature osteoblasts
-live in lucane
-blood concreation of ca and phospate
-increases calium in blood
innercelluar - Answers fluid located inside cell
extracellular - Answers fluid located outside cell
gene - Answers segment within DNA that provide instructions for the sythnesis of certain
proteins
Basal cells - Answers superficial to baement membrane
spinsoum - Answers "spiny" due to desomes holding cells together
Granulsom - Answers has keratin
-fliaggrin oragnizes keratin into flat bundles
-realses lipif protein into extracellular matrix
lucidum - Answers clear protein in dead skin cells
corneum - Answers forms the acid mantel
Dermis - Answers -connective tissue
-primarly collagen and elastic fibers
-aerolar amd dense regular CT
-has dermal papillae
,-has glands, hair follicles, nails, blood vessles
hypodermis - Answers **not part of integument***
-primarly adiopose tissue
-Functions:
1.Thermal insulation
2.resiver for energy
3.protects body
-Thicker in woman
-infants/eledery have the least
-increase vascularity
transdermal drug delivery - Answers Local drugs:treatments acts in specific area
systemic drugs:treatments that affect the whole body
topical - Answers put on skin
ex) eye drops, inhaltion
enteric - Answers enters through GI tract
ex. meds
parental - Answers enters through IV
endocrine glands - Answers realse chemicals directly into bloodstream
ex. hormones
exocrine glands - Answers relase chemicals through ducts to outside of body
cilia - Answers hairs that are found on epethial cells
microvili - Answers hairs that are found on small intenses
cilia and microvili - Answers both increase surface area, allowing for more material to pass
tight junctions - Answers forms bonds with other cells or extracellular material
-located near apical surafce
,-forces material THROUGH cell
-prevents passage of subsatnces between epthial cells
desmosmes - Answers hold cells together
-resit mechincal stress
-stop it from pulling apart
gap junctions - Answers -forms a tunnel between cells as a direct passageway for subatances
to pass between cells
-ALLOWS MOLECULES TO PASS FROM ONE CELL TO ANOTHER
Transcription - Answers is when DNA is converted into RNA
Translation - Answers messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded in a ribosome to produce a specific
amino acid chain, or polypeptide. The polypeptide later folds into an active protein and performs
its functions in the cell
hypotonic - Answers is when in which the concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than
outside of it
hypertonic - Answers the conceration is higher outside the cell
lysis - Answers the degradtion of a cell by the cell membrane or cell wall
crenation - Answers The shrinkage of cells that occurs when the surrounding solution is
hypertonic to the cellular cytoplasm
-common in red blood cells
dark vs light skin - Answers Darker skin: produce more melanin, more spread out, breaks down
slowy, throughout eperdmims to stratum corneum
Lighter skin: produce less melanin, clumped around nucleus, im SPIDOUSM
epthial skin - Answers 1.proection
2.slective permebailty for absoprtion
3.secretions or excertions
4.sensation
5.filitration, b.ood, urine
-polar
, epthial skin - Answers -Apical surface-free
-basal surface-fused
-basement membrane holds underlying CT
-avasulairty
-gets nutrients from basal surface
-active transport
-highly intervarted
-high regeneration capticty
exocrine cells - Answers deep in CT while still mainting
-sweat glands, mammory glands
endocrine cells - Answers lack ducts and secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
muscle comparments - Answers a group of functionally related muscle envolped and seprated
from others by fascia
aponeurious - Answers a broad tendinious sheet
retinaclum - Answers a band of connective tissue that holds down a group of tendons
syngersit - Answers a muscle that assists the agonist in peroming its action
innervation - Answers a nerve or nerves that supply a muscle and stimulate it to contract
hypocalcemia - Answers a blood calcium defiancy in blood
-causes tremors, tetancy, muscles cant relax
-postive trousseau sign
hypercalmica - Answers a blood calcium excess, muscles weakness, slow reflexes
calcitriotal - Answers simulate absorption of calcium from small intestine to build bone
intramembranous ossification - Answers bone that devolpes in embryoginic CT for the future
demis
endochondral ossification - Answers fetal hyaline cartilage model devolpes
to BREAK a monomer from a polymer the reaction undergoes - Answers hydrolysis
