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Samenvatting - Criminaliteit en straf in historisch perspectief - Les 5 - gastcollege - The importance of history in the geography of crime (Martin A. Andresen) (Boo1830A)

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Deze samenvatting behandelt Les 5 - gastcollege - The importance of history in the geography of crime (Martin A. Andresen) van het vak Criminaliteit en straf in historisch perspectief in het eerste bachelorjaar van de opleiding Criminologie en is opgesteld op basis van de PowerPointslides en mijn eigen notities. Eventuele schrijffouten zijn mogelijk.

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Les 5: gastcollege - The importance of
history in the geography of crime (Martin
A. Andresen)

A (brief) history of the geography of crime
• Guerry and Quetelet

• Violent crime and property crime, French departments (US county)

• Obvious and stable patterns




- Stable partners in French
- 200years old
- Property crime north higst crime
- Cities more crime → because more wealth
- 7 categories, with even numbers
o Chosen based on neutral rates, when you changes those it changes the
hole map

1

,- voilent crime higst south




2

, - no, when you use a different thechnique for dividing the catgeroies it stays the
same
- older thechiniques are even efficient as today




Social disorganization theory
• Very important to criminology

• Beginnings at the turn of the 20th century

• 1930s – 1960s, and still today

• But misunderstood by many, they don’t read the right criminal sources mostly
they read sources from other people and not from the original words




What is social disorganization?
• Places/communitys that are not able to establish a common set of values and a
sense of community

• People don’t talk to there neighbours, they don’t trust them

• Population turnover

• Huge impact in why some places could deveoplope

• Ethnic heterogeneity

• Huge impact in why some places could deveoplope




Shaw and McKay
1. Delinquency Areas (1929)

o Pionierswerk waarin de geografische spreiding van jeugdcriminaliteit in
stedelijke gebieden werd onderzocht.

o Introduceert het idee dat bepaalde stadswijken hogere delinquentiecijfers
vertonen door structurele en sociale factoren.

2. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas (1942)



3

, o Breidt het onderzoek uit naar de relatie tussen stedelijke ecologie en
jeugdcriminaliteit.

o Beklemtoont het belang van sociale desorganisatie, zoals gebrekkige
sociale controle, zwakke buurtnetwerken en armoede, bij het ontstaan
van delinquent gedrag.

3. A Study of Rates of Delinquency in Relation to Differential Characteristics of
Local Communities in American Cities

o Empirische studie van verschillende Amerikaanse steden die
delinquentiecijfers koppelt aan kenmerken van lokale gemeenschappen,
zoals sociaaleconomische status, etnische samenstelling en stabiliteit
van bewoners.

o Onderstreept dat criminaliteit vaak geconcentreerd is in gebieden met
hoge sociale desorganisatie, onafhankelijk van de
bevolkingssamenstelling.

Belangrijkste inzichten van Shaw en McKay:

• Criminaliteit is geografisch geconcentreerd en gekoppeld aan buurtniveau-
kenmerken.

• Sociale desorganisatie (zwakke sociale controle, armoede, hoge mobiliteit) is een
kernfactor bij jeugdcriminaliteit.

• Individuele eigenschappen verklaren minder van delinquentie dan de
omgevingsfactoren van een gemeenschap




4 questions
• Are delinquency rates correlated with neighbourhood characteristics?

• How strong is the correlation between delinquency rates and characteristics
such as those related to economic, social, and cultural neighbourhood
characteristics?

• Are these patterns, if existent, stable over time?

• Are these relationships, if present, related to people of the places the people live
in?




4

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Written in
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