ANTH 170C1Exam 1 Homework 1-6 updated.....2020|2021

ANTH 170C1Exam 1 Homework 1-6 Homework 1 Chapter 4: Mammalian Antecedents Question: What does the history of life on earth have to do with human evolution? Choose all that apply. A. Humans are descended from some of the earliest life forms so their story is our story. B. Ancient human ancestors went through a fish phase, an amphibian phase, and a reptilian phase before their mammalian phase. C. Many of the traits that humans have now first appeared in our very distant ancestors living millions and even billions of years ago. Question: If you found a fossil hominin (an ancestor or relative to homo sapiens) that you know to be between 3-7 million years old based on the traits that you are able to see in the skeleton, which type of dating could you use to try and narrow down the age of your fossil? Choose all that apply. A. Uranium-238 decay dating B. Potassium-Argon dating C. Fission-track dating D. Thermoluminescence E. Carbon-14 Question: Different type of vertebrates such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals all have different ways of reproducing (passing on genes). What is one of the main differences in the way that amphibians reproduce compared with reptiles? A. Amphibians require water for reproduction while reptiles do not. B. Reptiles require water for reproduction while amphibians do not. Question: In what class of vertebrate are humans? A. Amphibia (amphibians) B. Reptilia (reptiles) C. Aves (birds) D. Mammalia (mammals) Question: Compared with reptiles, mammals are A. Specialists, capable of living in a narrow range of environments. B. Generalists, capable of living in a wider range of environments. Question: What does the author mean when he says that compared with reptile and fish, mammals are more efficient at reproduction? A. Mammals can produce larger number of offspring more quickly than can fish or reptiles. B. Mammals produce fewer offspring but each one is more likely to survive and reproduce. Question: Mammals are A. Ectothermic, they regulate their body temperature using the sun B. Endothermic, they regulate their body temperature by internal metabolic processes Question: As you read about the lineage of organisms that eventually led to humans (including fish ancestors that lived between 570-280 million years ago, followed by amphibian ancestors, reptilian ancestors living between 223-135 million years ago, and finally mammalian ancestors living between 65 million years ago to almost present day), what pattern do you notice in terms of the energy that a mother invests into her offspring? A. It seems to be increasing over time, fish ancestors invested the least and mammals the most. B. It seems to be decreasing over time, fish ancestors investing the most while mammals invest very little. Question: What are the Genus and species of humans? (The first letter of a genus name is always capitalized while the first letter of a species name is always written in lower case, both words are italicized). Answer: Homo sapiens Question: According to this chapter, how far back can we trace human ancestors? A. 10,000 years B. 3 million years C. Hundred of millions of years Homework 2 Chapter 1: Development of Evolutionary Theory and Biological Anthropology Question: Ideas about how species came to be what they are today went through several different phases before Charles Darwin wrote The Origin of Species, which explains our current best explanation (almost certainly the correct explanation) for how species got to be the way they are. As you read, match the idea or concept with the person who came up with it. A. James Ussher a. God created the universe over a period of six days and since then all species have remained the same. This person estimated that the earth is around 6000 years old, based off of information presented in the bible. B. John Ray a. God created the universe over a period of six days and since then all species have remained the same. This person was the first person to describe the concepts of genus and species. C. Carolus Linnaeus a. Life forms cannot change, but can be organized by differences in similarities. This person came up with the two more classification categories in addition to genus and species: class and order. He was the first to place humans in the animal kingdom. D. Georges-Louis Leclerc or Buffon a. He was the first person to describe species as dynamic (changing) as opposed to static (staying the same), and that species change in response to environmental conditions. He did not believe that one species could change into another species. E. Erasmus Darwin a. He came up with the idea that two species that have many similarities, probably inherited them from the same common ancestor. He therefore believed that over generations, one species could turn into another species. F. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck a. He believed that organisms change in response to environmental conditions, and that these changes could be inherited. This is different from our current understanding of evolution and genetic inheritance where organisms do not pass on traits that are newly acquired over their lifetimes. G. Georges Cuvier a. This person believes that species do not change over time, but acknowledged that in the past there were different species than there are today. He explained this observation by postulating that a series of catastrophes resulted in a new set of unchanging organisms that were completely wiped out and replaced with the next catastrophe. H. Charles Lyell a. This person studied how rocks and the earth’s surface change over time and concluded that the earth is many millions of years old rather than just a few thousand years old. I. Thomas Robert Malthus a. This person came up with the notion that the sizes of populations of humans and other organisms are limited by the availability of food resources which are necessary to survive and reproduce. This sets up a competition between individuals whereby the “fittest” are best able to obtain these resources and survive. J. Charles Darwin a. This person came up with the theory of “natural selection” which is a similar process to artificial selection whereby some traits become more common in a population over generations of time, whereby others become less common. But instead of humans controlling which traits become more of less common, nature decides based on which individuals are best able to survive and reproduce in their environment. Over time (generations), this can lead to the formation of new species. K. Alfred Russel Wallace a. This person sent Charles Darwin a copy of his theory which was essentially the same as Darwin’s theory of natural selection, proposing that new species are descendants of older species which have changed in response to environmental pressures. Question: In order for natural selection to occur there must be _____ within a population such that not all organisms are the same. These differences between individuals originally arise from genetic _____ which are then passed on from parent to offspring. A. Variation, mutations B. Mutations, variation Question: Match the subdiscipline of biological anthropology with the correct description. A. Paleoanthropology a. The study of hominin (human ancestors) fossils which can tell us where or ancestors came from, what kind of environments they lived in, and what they looked like. B. Primatology a. The study of nonhuman primates which can tell us what our more distant ancestors might have looked like and what sorts of environments selected for many of our current traits. C. Evolutionary Behavioral Ecology a. The study of human behavior, the environments that select for certain behaviors, and the evolution of behavioral traits. D. Human Adaptation a. The study of how humans adapt both culturally and biologically to various environmental conditions. E. Human Genetics a. The study of human variation that is not the result of differing environments. F. Human Osteology a. The study of human bones and teeth which can tell us what happened to a person while they were alive. G. Applied Anthropology a. The use of knowledge about human anatomy, physiology, and populations to help design new products or make recommendations about health and growth. H. Forensic Anthropology a. Identification of skeletal remains using knowledge of skeletal anatomy and how it is shaped by genetics, development, and the environment. Question: Evolution/Natural selection is a process whereby populations and species change over time. Evolution/Natural selection is one of the mechanisms for this change along with gene flow (migration) and genetic drift (chance differences). A. Evolution, Natural selection B. Natural selection, Evolution Homework 3 Chapter 5: Living Primates Question: What is meant by this partial sentence: “Humans share a common evolutionary history with other primates…”? A. Human ancestors that lived between 5 and 60 million years ago made a living in a similar way and looked similar to the ancestors of the other living primates. B. Human share ancestors with all of the living primates, and these common ancestors lived between 5 and 60 million years ago. The first of these primate ancestors gave rise to humans as well as all of the other primate species alive today. Question: Although the author states that “Prosimians… are the most ancient primates, whose descendants possess a mixture of primitive traits as well as derived or advanced features…”, prosimians are alive today which means that they are not “ancient”, but instead are just as modern as humans. Which of the following is an accurate statement about prosimians? A. Although prosimians live today, they have not changed for many millions of years so are very similar to the last common ancestor of all primates. B. Prosimians are the group of primates whose lineage split from the lineage of other primates including that of humans, the longest ago, and for this reason, prosimians are often presumed to be the most “primitive”, but in reality, they have been evolving for exactly the same amount of time as all of the other primates (including humans), just on a different evolutionary trajectory. Question: Knowing a little bit about the different primates species is helpful for understanding human evolution because you can then compare and contrast traits and think about what sorts of environments select for specific traits. Which of the following was not a trait of Lemurs described in the "Lemur" section you just read? A. All (wild) lemurs live on the island of Madagascar. B. Lemurs range in size from 100g (.22 lbs) to 10 kg (22 lbs). C. The lemur dental formula is 2-1-3-3, with lower incisors that resemble a comb and are used for extracting gums from trees and grooming each other. D. Lemurs use scents to mark their territories. E. Lemurs have eyes that are large relative to those of other primates, but a sense of smell (olfaction) that is relatively worse. F. Lemurs move around the trees by either running along the tops of branches or by leaping from vertical branch to vertical branch. Question: Which of the following are traits that distinguish lorises from lemurs? A. They eat insects and fruit. B. Their eyes are large. C. Their dental formula is 2-1-3-3. D. They have grasping hands and feet. E. They have a claw rather than a nail on the second digit of their hind feet. F. They are found in Asia. Question: Tarsiers are different from lemurs and lorises who eat insects and either fruit or leaves, because they supplement their insect diet with which of the following? A. Tubers B. Flowers C. Stemps D. Small vertebrates Question: Which Old World monkeys generally live in large social groups? A. The colobines B. The cercopithecines Question: A large degree of sexual dimorphism means that: A. One sex (generally the males) is much larger than the other sex. B. The sexes have similar body sizes. Question: Which of the following is not a hominoid? A. Gibbon B. Siamang C. Baboon D. Human E. Chimpanzee F. Bonobo G. Gorilla H. Orangutan Question: Match the group composition with the correct hominoid. (In all primates, dependent offspring stay with their mothers). A. Gibbons a. Groups consist of one adult male and one adult female (and their dependent offspring) B. Orangutans a. Groups consist of one adult female (and her dependent offspring) C. Gorillas a. Groups consist of one breeding male who generally has exclusive mating access to a group of several females D. Chimpanzees a. Groups consist of multiple males and multiple females Question: Much of primate morphology reflects the adaptations of primates and their ancestors to life in the trees. In your opinion, do the adaptations described for life in the trees such as the ability to rotate the forearm and move the clavicle, and grasping hands and feet, reflect specialized or generalized features for navigating through their environment? Answer: Question: What are teeth and what can they tell us about diet relevant to primate evolution? A. Teeth are where all organisms store all of their DNA. B. In order to reproduce an organisms must harvest energy in the form of food from the environment, and this energy can be used to find mates, make babies, run cellular functions, etc. Question: Which of the following are presented as hypotheses as to why color vision evolved in primates? (choose all that apply) A. To be able to distinguish dead versus alive branches in trees and therefore decrease the likelihood of falling great distances. B. To distinguish between ripe and unripe fruits C. To be able to distinguish between reproductively mature and immature individuals to help find the best mates. D. To distinguish between poisonous and nonpoisonous insects. Question: Which answer is provides the most accurate responses for the following blanks? Compared with other mammals, how do primates rank in terms of: vision? _____ hearing? _____ sense of smell? _____ parts of the brain associated with touch and movement? A. better, better, better, better B. better, worse, worse, better C. worse, better, worse, better D. better, equal to worse, worse, better E. better, worse, about equally good, about equally good Homework 4 Chapter 7: Fossil Evidence for the Emergence of Primates Question: The earliest primates had adaptations for binocular vision (eyes on the front of their face with overlapping fields of vision) but did not have grasping feet? A. True B. False Question: Where were the earliest creatures that have been classified as primates, and are described in this book, found? A. Africa B. Europe C. Asia D. North America E. Australia Question: Assign each of the following primate traits, found in early primates, to the correct type of primate, either prosimians, anthropoids, or both prosimians and anthropoids A. Postorbital bar a. Prosimians B. Postorbital plate a. Anthropoids C. Forward-facing eyes a. Both prosimians and anthropoids D. Small snouts compared with other types of mammals a. Both prosimians and anthropoids E. Elongated digits (fingers and toes) with nails instead of claws a. Both prosimians and anthropoids F. The two halves of the jaw are fused (one bone) a. Anthropoids G. The two halves of the jaw are connected by ligaments a. Prosimians H. Rounder brain cases compared with other types of mammals a. Both prosimians and anthropoids Question: What feature separates early hominoids (apes) from other primate lineages? A. The brain size B. The eye sockets C. The wrist D. The molars Homework 5 Chapter 6: Primate Behavioral Ecology Question: Match the definition to the correct term A. Altruism a. Behaviors that cost the actor and benefit the recipient B. Kin Selection a. Behaviors that pose a direct cost to the actor, but benefit the actor when considering the total number of genes he/she passes on C. Reciprocal Altruism a. Behavioral that pose a direct cost to the actor in the short term, but benefit the actor in the long term after the recipient pays the actor back Question: If costs are measured in the numbers of gene copies that an individual passes on to future generations, are kin selection and reciprocal altruism really examples of altruism? A. Yes B. No C. Reciprocal altruism is an example but kin selection is not D. Kin selection is an example but reciprocal altruism is not Question: The mother-infant bond in primates can be distinguished from other mammals in that, only in primates do: A. Mother nurse infants with milk from mammary glands B. In most species, mothers carry their infants around rather than leave them in nests or dens Question: K-selection (the opposite of “r-selection”) is the evolutionary strategy whereby organisms: A. Have lots of babies and invest time and energy little into each offspring B. Have a small number of babies but invest a lot of time and energy into each one Question: Add the correct sex (males/females) to each blank: Fertile _____ are generally a limiting resource for _____ reproduction. A. Females, males B. Males, females Question: The patches of skin on the rumps of female cercopithecines, colobines, and great apes that swell when a female is in estrus are: A. Adaptations of the female to elicit competition between males so that the best quality male (male with best genes) will mate with her and fend off other, lower quality males. This way she will have high-quality babies B. Adaptations for the male so that he will know when it is worth his time and effort to compete with other males in order to mate with a particular female Question: Infanticide will generally be advantageous for male primates who have newly taken over a group from another male, especially when the infants are not close to weaning age? A. True B. False Question: If a new male in the group kills a female's infant, the behavior that will help her to pass on the most genes is probably to A. Refuse to mate with that male because he likely has sociopathic genes B. Mate with the new male so that she can have another baby as quickly as possible Question: Primates with which type of mating structure are likely to have higher levels of sexual dimorphism in terms of body size? A. Monogamous mating structures B. Polygymous mating structures Question: Choose the correct word for each blank: (small/large) primates who have higher metabolic requirements generally eat foods that are (easier/harder) to digest. These types of diets are referred to as (low/high) quality diets. A. Small, easier, low B. Small, easier, high C. Large, easier, low D. Large, easier, high E. Small, harder, low F. Small, harder, high G. Large, harder, low H. Large, harder, high Question: Which types of primates tend to live in more stable social groups: A. Folivores B. Frugivores Homework 6 Chapter 8: Evolution of the Digestive System of Omnivores Question: The saliva of all mammals contains the enzyme amylase? A. True B. False Question: In the stomach food is (absorbed/broken down), while in the small intestine food products are (absorbed/broken down). A. Absorbed, broken down B. Broken down, absorbed Question: Food reaches the stomach in a mass called a (chyme/bolus). Food exits the stomach in a mass called a (chyme/bolus). A. Bolus, chyme B. Chyme, bolus Question: Which digestive organ is longer? A. The small intestine B. The large intestine Question: Which digestive organ has a larger diameter? A. The small intestine B. The large intestine Question: Vertebrates, including humans, other primates, and other mammals, do not produce the enzymes that digest cellulose, the main carbohydrate found in plant materials. In order for vertebrates to extract energy from cellulose they must house microbes (bacteria) that can digest cellulose through the process of fermentation, somewhere in their digestive system. Whereas hind-gut fermenters (monogastric fermenters) house these bacteria in their (large intestine/stomach), multigastirc fermenters (ruminants) house these bacteria in their (large intestine/stomach)? A. Stomach, large intestine B. Large intestine, stomach Question: To survive and reproduce all organisms need a source of energy (fat and/or carbohydrates) and a source of amino acids (protein). Hind-gut fermenters get their protein by: A. Digesting their cellulose-fermenting bacteria and recycling urea B. Thoroughly breaking down the cellulose in plant material and releasing protein from within the plant material Question: Ruminants get their protein by: A. Digesting their cellulose-fermenting bacteria and recycling urea B. Thoroughly breaking down the cellulose in plant material and releasing protein from within the plant material Question: While (howler/spider) monkeys obtain a higher proportion of the nutrients from the food that they eat, it takes them much longer to digest their food. On the other hand (howler/spider) monkeys digest their food more rapidly but are still able to get enough calories by selecting foods that are easier to digest (have less fiber). A. Howler, spider B. Spider, howler Question: A large proportion of the human digestive tract consists of the small intestine. This indicates that humans have a (high/low) quality diet, which is a diet that is (low/high) in fiber, because fiber (is/is not) digested in the small intestine. A. High, is not, low B. Is not, high, low C. High, low, is not D. Low, is not, high E. Low, high, is not Question: Which of the following diets would require more time and energy to digest: A. Frugivore-folivore B. Frugivore-insectivore Question: Although humans have a very high-quality diet compared with most primates, we may have taken this too far and now many humans do not eat enough fiber. Why do we need fiber in our diets? A. To provide essential amino acids B. To provide essential PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) C. To be able to produce healthy poops