ANTH 170C1 EXAM 3 Correctly answered, Graded A

ANTH 170C1 EXAM 3 Genetics- Where does Variation come from? 1. Natural selection is the process whereby individuals who are best able to survive and reproduce, due to differences in ______, pass on more _____ to future generations. 2. Evolution= changes in __________ within a population over time. 3. An allele is: __________ 4. An adaptation is a __________ trait that increases an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce. 5. Genetic information is made out of _____ molecules. Long strands of this substance can be found in the cell _____. Humans have 46 of these long strands, also known as _____. 6. Long molecule of DNA are called _____. Small sections of these molecules that code for a trait, often a _____ molecule, are called _____. 7. Each person had __ copies of each gene. Different versions of a gene are ______ 8. How are new body cells created? 9. Sex cells are also known as _____. They are created by the process of _____. 10. After mitosis each cell has _____ number of chromosomes. After meiosis each cell has _____ number of chromosomes. 11. A sperm carries __ chromosomes. The sex chromosome _. 12. A human that has one X and one Y chromosome is a _____ and an individual that carries two XXs is a _____. 13. True or false: When pairs of chromosomes up during meiosis (the ones line up across from each other, the twos, etc.) all of the chromosomes that came from that individual’s father line up on one side of the cell, while all of the chromosomes from 14. Identical twins share ___ percent of their genes, while fraternal twins share _____ percent of their genes 15. one copy of the allele is present is called a/an: a. Power trait b. Dominant trait c. Carrier trait d. Recessive trait e. Huntington’s disease 16. Cystic fibrosis is a _____ trait. Huntington’s disease is a _____ trait. a. Dominant, dominant b. Dominant, recessive c. Recessive, dominant d. Recessive, recessive 17. True or false: left-handedness is an inherited trait a. True b. False 18. How might an individual inherit a dominant disorder when neither parent has a disorder? a. This cannot happen with dominant disorders, only with recessive disorders b. A mutation could have happened in either parents body cells during mitosis c. A mutation could have happened in either parents sex cells during meiosis 19. When homologous chromosomes fail to separate at the beginning of meiosis which of the following could result? (choose all that apply) a. An individual could be born with 3 copies of chromosome b. An individual could be born with one copies of chromosome c. Down syndrome d. Klinefelter syndrome e. Turner syndrome f. All of the above g. A or B 20. Recall the acronym EEA, what does it stand for (in an evolutionary context)? 21. Reproductive cancers such as breast, uterine, and prostate cancers are more common in: 22. Women in contraceptive/modern societies experience more menstrual cycles due to which of the following? 23. Was the birth control industry correct in assuming that monthly cycling throughout much of the reproductive lifespan is a “natural” human pattern with respect to our EEA? 24. Mismatch: high breast cancer incidence in contraceptive, westernized populations is likely the result of a mismatch to which of the following lifestyle factors? (I.e. what are women in these populations probably not well-adapted to?) 25. Which of the following are likely to affect hormone levels of MALES? 26. Mismatched males: high prostate cancer incidence in American men is likely the result of a mismatch to which of the following lifestyle factors? 27. True or false: the majority of breast cancer incidences can be explained by inherited mutations? 28. True or false: differences in incidence of prostate cancer between industrialized and nonindustrialized countries can be entirely explained by differences in life expectancy 29. Which food items have we had the least time to adapt to? 30. Is BMI by itself likely to be a good indicator of health? 31. True or false: there is no variation between populations in the way that individuals store fat? 32. Which individual should be best adapted to storing fat? 33. Which of the following was not shown to be associated with BMI in the last slide? 34. Which factor would R. Lustig think least likely to be a cause of rising obesity levels? 35. Which of the following was not mentions as associated with obesity in “The Skinny on Obesity” video? 36. True or false, if a disease is associated with obesity, then one can conclude that obesity causes that disease 37. Which dietary measurement correlates most highly with increases in diabetes risk? 38. Which type of diabetes reflects a mismatch between our current environment and the EEA for sugar metabolism? 39. What is the role of insulin in the body? 40. Which of these factors is not likely to decrease your risk of diabetes? 41. True or false: diabetes results from different physiological problems in different populations? 42. True or false: all populations have had similar diets and activity patterns throughout history, and therefore would be expected to have faced similar selection pressures with regards to their metabolisms? 43. As you will see in the next video, the stress response has many harmful side effects. However, it is found in all vertebrates. Why? 44. The stress response is most adaptive when: 45. Which individuals tend to have the highest levels of stress hormones? 46. Which of the following is not accurate about the stress response? 47. Which of the following is not a consequence of prolonged stress? 48. In which type of society would you expect to find the highest levels of chronic stress due to socially-related factors? 49. When comparing the brains of dominant and subordinate macaque monkeys: a. Subordinate monkeys 50. In humans, lower socioeconomic status (SES) is predictive of: 51. True or false: individuals who were fetuses during the Dutch hunger winter in Holland are more likely to have health problems as adults? 52. When in life is the sequence of nucleotides that makes up an individual’s genome set/determined? 53. Experiencing stress as a fetus can alter adult phenotype by 54. Which of the following provides the best definition of an “evolutionary mismatch”? 55. We know that the ways in which many people activate their stress response in modern environments have negative effects on health. Might the stress response in its current forms still be more adaptive than a lowered level of stress response activation? 56. How could a high activation of the stress response be adaptive despite the negative effects on health? 57. A study on the effects of stress on mothers with disabled children showed that these mothers exhibited which of the following symptoms? 58. What did the tuberculosis epidemic in Salpolsky’s baboon troop indicate about dominance hierarchies and stress? 59. Reduction in fertility rates has generally directly followed: 60. According to which hypothesis is the strategy of fewer children ore adaptive than more children? 61. Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the video as a way to achieve self-transcendence? 62. In the video, the staircase is a metaphor for what? 63. In the video, Jonathan Haidt says that he cannot be certain that the staircase is an adaptation rather than a bug. What does he mean by “bug”? 64. How does Haidt think that religious tendencies evolved? 65. Does Haidt’s form of group selection require altruism? 66. Why do most people have a general understanding that someone who is uncomfortable looking at a penis on a statue is also likely to vote conservatively? 67. According to Jonathan Haidt in his Ted talk about political beliefs, when a group of people all share a set of similar values, they start to work and think as a team which has what effect? a. It increases empathy b. It shuts down open-mindedness (traps them in a moral matrix) 68. A blank slate is an accurate description of a brain at birth? 69. According to Jonathan Haidt in his Ted talk about political beliefs, which of the following “channels of morality” are very important to liberals? a. 70. According to Jonathan Haidt in his Ted talk about political beliefs, which of the following “channels of morality” are very important to conservatives?