NUR 210 ACTUAL EXAM 3 |130 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026
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1. Oncotic Pressure: Is osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, particularly albumin (it is the most
abundant plasma protein), in the blood or other body fluids. It plays a crucial role in regulating fluid
balance by drawing water into capillaries and other fluid compartments. If albumin levels drop this
can lead to fluid in the tissues, causing edema.
2. Fluid and BP Regulation: Your body detects a problem:
- Osmoreceptors in the brain notice too much salt (high osmotic pressure).
- Baroreceptors in the heart and arteries sense low blood pressure.
- The brain responds: The hypothalamus tells the posterior pituitary to release ADH (antidiuretic
hormone).
3. What does ADH do once released by pituitary gland?: Goes to the kidneys tells them to ’
save water (increased reabsorption). Goes to the blood vessels causes them to tighten
(vasoconstriction). ’ -The result: More water in the body =increased blood volume.
-Tighter blood vessels = increased blood pressure.
4. Osmosis: The passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of
low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
• Goal: Equalize solute concentrations on both sides of the membrane Example:
• Water moves from interstitial fluid into blood vessels to balance sodium levels.
,• Important in dehydration and fluid shifts (e.g., third spacing).
5. Active Transport: The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient—from low to
high concentration—using ATP (energy).
Example:
• Sodium-potassium pump (Na⁺/K⁺ pump): Moves sodium out and potassium into cells to maintain
excitability.
• Essential for nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and cardiac function.
6. Sodium (Na⁺): Normal Range, Functions, Signs of Imbalance, Nursing Con-
siderations: Normal Range: 135-145mEq/L
Functions: Fluid balance and nerve transmission
Signs of Imbalance: Seizures, confusion (low); Dehydration (High)
Nursing Interventions: Monitor Neuro Status, Restrict/Replace Na
7. Potassium (K⁺): Normal Range, Functions, Signs of Imbalance, Nursing Con-
siderations: Normal Range: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Functions: Regulates heart rhythm, nerve impulse,and muscle contraction
Signs of Imbalance: = peaked T waves, ‘ = flat T waves, both can cause arrhythmias, cramps“
Nursing Interventions: ECG; IV K+ slowly, never push
8. Calcium (Ca²⁺): Normal Range, Functions, Signs of Imbalance, Nursing Con-
siderations: Normal Range: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
Functions: Bone health, clotting, nerve and muscle function
Signs of Imbalance: Tetany, seizures (low), lethargy, confusion, bone pain (high)
, Nursing Interventions: Trousseau's/Chvostek's, oral/IV Ca
9. Tetany: A condition characterized by involuntary muscle spasms and contractions.
10. Magnesium (Mg²⁺): Normal Ranges, Functions, Signs of Imbalance, Nursing
Considerations: Normal Ranges: 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
Functions: Regulates neuromuscular function and cardiac rhythm
Signs of Imbalance: Lethargy, tremors (low); = decreased DTRs, cardiac arrest risk‘
Nursing Considerations: IV Mg (low), calcium gluconate (high)
11. Chloride (Cl⁻): Normal Ranges, Functions, Nursing Considerations: Normal
Range: 96-106 mEq/L
Function: Works with Na⁺ to maintain osmotic pressure and acid-base balance
Nursing Considerations: /‘ may follow Na⁺; assess with hydration and acid-base status“
12. Carbon Dioxide (CO₂ or HCO₃⁻): Normal Ranges, Functions, Nursing Consid-
erations: Normal Range: 22-26 mEq/L
Function: Represents bicarbonate level; regulates acid-base balance
Nursing Consideration: = metabolic acidosis; “ = metabolic alkalosis‘
13. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): Normal Ranges, Functions, Nursing Considerations: Normal
Range: 7-20 mg/dL
Function: Reflects protein metabolism and renal function
Nursing Considerations: = dehydration, renal impairment; monitor with creatinine ‘
14. Creatinine: Normal Ranges, Functions, Nursing Considerations: Normal Range:
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1. Oncotic Pressure: Is osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, particularly albumin (it is the most
abundant plasma protein), in the blood or other body fluids. It plays a crucial role in regulating fluid
balance by drawing water into capillaries and other fluid compartments. If albumin levels drop this
can lead to fluid in the tissues, causing edema.
2. Fluid and BP Regulation: Your body detects a problem:
- Osmoreceptors in the brain notice too much salt (high osmotic pressure).
- Baroreceptors in the heart and arteries sense low blood pressure.
- The brain responds: The hypothalamus tells the posterior pituitary to release ADH (antidiuretic
hormone).
3. What does ADH do once released by pituitary gland?: Goes to the kidneys tells them to ’
save water (increased reabsorption). Goes to the blood vessels causes them to tighten
(vasoconstriction). ’ -The result: More water in the body =increased blood volume.
-Tighter blood vessels = increased blood pressure.
4. Osmosis: The passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of
low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
• Goal: Equalize solute concentrations on both sides of the membrane Example:
• Water moves from interstitial fluid into blood vessels to balance sodium levels.
,• Important in dehydration and fluid shifts (e.g., third spacing).
5. Active Transport: The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient—from low to
high concentration—using ATP (energy).
Example:
• Sodium-potassium pump (Na⁺/K⁺ pump): Moves sodium out and potassium into cells to maintain
excitability.
• Essential for nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and cardiac function.
6. Sodium (Na⁺): Normal Range, Functions, Signs of Imbalance, Nursing Con-
siderations: Normal Range: 135-145mEq/L
Functions: Fluid balance and nerve transmission
Signs of Imbalance: Seizures, confusion (low); Dehydration (High)
Nursing Interventions: Monitor Neuro Status, Restrict/Replace Na
7. Potassium (K⁺): Normal Range, Functions, Signs of Imbalance, Nursing Con-
siderations: Normal Range: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Functions: Regulates heart rhythm, nerve impulse,and muscle contraction
Signs of Imbalance: = peaked T waves, ‘ = flat T waves, both can cause arrhythmias, cramps“
Nursing Interventions: ECG; IV K+ slowly, never push
8. Calcium (Ca²⁺): Normal Range, Functions, Signs of Imbalance, Nursing Con-
siderations: Normal Range: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
Functions: Bone health, clotting, nerve and muscle function
Signs of Imbalance: Tetany, seizures (low), lethargy, confusion, bone pain (high)
, Nursing Interventions: Trousseau's/Chvostek's, oral/IV Ca
9. Tetany: A condition characterized by involuntary muscle spasms and contractions.
10. Magnesium (Mg²⁺): Normal Ranges, Functions, Signs of Imbalance, Nursing
Considerations: Normal Ranges: 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
Functions: Regulates neuromuscular function and cardiac rhythm
Signs of Imbalance: Lethargy, tremors (low); = decreased DTRs, cardiac arrest risk‘
Nursing Considerations: IV Mg (low), calcium gluconate (high)
11. Chloride (Cl⁻): Normal Ranges, Functions, Nursing Considerations: Normal
Range: 96-106 mEq/L
Function: Works with Na⁺ to maintain osmotic pressure and acid-base balance
Nursing Considerations: /‘ may follow Na⁺; assess with hydration and acid-base status“
12. Carbon Dioxide (CO₂ or HCO₃⁻): Normal Ranges, Functions, Nursing Consid-
erations: Normal Range: 22-26 mEq/L
Function: Represents bicarbonate level; regulates acid-base balance
Nursing Consideration: = metabolic acidosis; “ = metabolic alkalosis‘
13. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): Normal Ranges, Functions, Nursing Considerations: Normal
Range: 7-20 mg/dL
Function: Reflects protein metabolism and renal function
Nursing Considerations: = dehydration, renal impairment; monitor with creatinine ‘
14. Creatinine: Normal Ranges, Functions, Nursing Considerations: Normal Range:
