NR548/ NR 548 Exam 2 (NEW 2026) Psychiatric Assessment for the PMHNP |Complete with Questions and Answers| 100% Correct- Chamberlain

NR548/ NR 548 Exam 2 (NEW 2026) Psychiatric Assessment for the PMHNP |Complete with Questions and Answers| 100% Correct- Chamberlain Q. The primary tasks associated with the psychiatric interview ANSWER 1) building a therapeutic alliance between the PMHNP and the client 2) obtaining a database of psychiatric information about the client 3) establishing a diagnosis, 4) negotiating a treatment plan Q. Establishing a therapeutic alliance with the client begins ANSWER during the initial or opening phase of the interview as the PMHNP and client are getting acquainted. Trust is essential for a therapeutic alliance. Q. Components of a therapeutic alliance include ANSWER An appropriate encounter environment Professionalism Therapeutic communication. Q. Building a trusting relationship based on ANSWER respect, kindness, and acceptance will break down barriers and allow for client needs to be the center of the plan of care. Being present and openly engaged will enhance the communication experience. Q. the most notable difference between the psychiatric interview and medical interview: ANSWER is that the psychiatric interview serves as the primary diagnostic tool used to identify psychiatric conditions. Q. The Interview Environment for Psychiatric care ANSWER a comfortable, clean space to put the provider and client at ease a visible clock to monitor time access to alarms or other safety measures provider access to the door for safe exiting removal of sharp objects such as scissors or letter openers a noise-canceling device for privacy Q. Time considerations help facilitate the psychiatric interview ANSWER 1) Be on time. Don't be late! Remember, the most important goal is to establish that therapeutic alliance. Schedule appointments thoughtfully to ensure promptness. 2) Stay on time. This builds trust and communicates that respect for the client. 3) Discuss follow-up visits in the closure phase of the interview. The timing of subsequent visits is informed by the client's unique circumstances, diagnosis and treatment, and medication regimens. Q. Therapeutic Communication ANSWER Active Listening - listening attentively to insure understanding Broad Openings - allow clients to take initiative Accepting - indicate you heard the client without judgment Clarifying - make vague topics clear Exploring - examine topics deeper Focusing - putting attention into a single topic Reflecting - direct the client's thoughts and feelings back to the client Restating - repeat the client's words in a different way to make more clear Q. Positive nonverbal communication techniques include ANSWER relaxed movements, the use of open arm gestures, smiles, respect for personal space, and eye contact. Including nods when clients talk can communicate agreement or understanding. Q. Negative nonverbal communication techniques include ANSWER negative body language including finger-pointing, crossed arms, and looking at a watch and should be avoided by the PMHNP Q. How long does the psychiatric interview last? ANSWER The psychiatric interview typically lasts about 50 minutes and is structured into three phases. Q. What is the first phase of the psychiatric interview? ANSWER Opening phase, the first five to ten minutes of the interview are used to establish rapport and therapeutic alliance. This is often the most important phase of the interview as it establishes the foundation for the remainder of the interview. The interview often begins with a PMHNP asking the question, what brought you in to see me today? This question helps the client begin to share what is on their mind. Q. What is the second phase of the psychiatric interview? ANSWER Body of the interview. This stage of the interview is about 30 to 40 minutes, at which time the chief complaint is established and additional questions are asked to elicit information related to the complaint. It serves as the basis for diagnosis and treatment formulation. The questioning process is often directed by responses to initial questions asked in phase one. Q. What is the third phase of the psychiatric interview? ANSWER Closing the interview. This is the final phase of the interview. Five to ten minutes are needed to adequately complete this phase. Closing the interview entails a wrap-up statement and inquiry about missing information that may be of value. Patient education is provided regarding the working diagnosis and recommended plan of treatment. Medications may be recommended to target symptoms. Education about the rationale for the medication regimen and expected benefits, timeframe for efficacy and possible side effects should be included. Homework maybe assigned, especially in cognitive behavioral therapy. A return visit is agreed upon, including the client in decision-making when possible. Q. Avoid pitfalls during a psychiatric interview ANSWER 1) Avoid rushing the interview 2) avoid is giving advice. Instead, help them evaluate possible pros and cons of potential decisions. The role of PMHNP is to help guide the client in making their own decisions. 3) Transference and countertransference Q. Transference ANSWER Transference is a client's displacement or projection of feelings or wishes towards important individuals in the client's past, such as parents, onto the therapist. Transference is not always negative. Transference provides an opportunity to bring repressed feelings to the surface to be addressed. If the client is reminded of someone for whom they have fond memories, it may allow for a positive experience during the initial interview. If the feelings invoked are negative, however, the client may appear angry or make provocative statements. Although it may be distracting or challenging, transference should not be taken personally, nor should it prevent the development of the therapeutic alliance Q. Countertransference ANSWER Countertransference is a therapist's conscious or unconscious reactions to a client based on the therapist's psychological needs or conflicts Like transference, countertransference may be positive or negative. Countertransference can have a negative impact on the therapeutic alliance if boundaries between the provider and the client are blurred Q. The initial assessment ANSWER includes the history of present illness (HPI) and the client's past medical, psychiatric, family, and social history. Q. Comprehensive Health History ANSWER Chief Complaint History of Present Illness Past Medical History Medications and Allergies Family History Personal and Social History Review of Systems Q. The chief complaint ANSWER is the primary problem that prompted the client to schedule a visit with the provider and is a starting point to begin information gathering. When documenting the chief complaint, attempt to use the client's own words. For a client who presents with multiple complaints, it is important to determine if a relationship exists between the symptoms and if there is a primary problem with accompanying symptoms Q. The history of the present illness (HPI) ANSWER is a concise, clear, and chronological description of the chief complaint which prompted the client's visit. A symptom analysis guided by the mnemonic "OLDCARTS" will reveal information regarding the onset, location, duration, characteristics, aggravating factors, relieving factors, treatments, and severity of the symptoms. Q. The history of present illness documentation ANSWER should include an opening statement, a characterization of the chief complaint in chronological order, pertinent positive symptoms, pertinent negative symptoms, and other relevant information from the history. Q. Pertinent positives ANSWER Are symptoms that are expected with a potential diagnosis related to the chief complaint. Q. Pertinent negatives ANSWER Are symptoms the client does not have that are expected with a potential diagnosis related to the chief complaint. Q. Medication and Allergies ANSWER Document the name, dose, route, and frequency of use of all medications. List home remedies, nonprescription drugs, vitamins, mineral or herbal supplements, oral contraceptives, and medications borrowed from family members or friends. Document specific reactions to medications, such as a rash or nausea, as well as allergies to foods, insects, or environmental factors. Differentiate between adverse drug reactions, allergic reactions, and medication side effects The client's personal history includes personality and interests, sources of support, coping style, strengths, and concerns. The personal history also includes information such as sexual orientation and gender identification, occupation and education, relationships, safety, spirituality, and support systems. For older adults or clients with disabilities, it is important to inquire about the level of function and activities of daily living. The social history includes information about the client's tobacco product (i.e., cigarette, chewing tobacco, e-cigarettes, hookah, cigars), illicit drug, and alcohol use. The American Lung Association (2020) reports that e-cigarettes cause lung and cardiovascular disease and should not be used as an intervention to quit smoking tobacco cigarettes. The provider should also inquire about sexuality and risk-taking sexual practices. The mnemonic Five Ps+ can be used to guide an assessment of sexual history Partners: Inquire about gender and number of sexual partners Practices: Inquire about the client's types of sex (i.e., oral, vaginal, anal) Protection from STIs: Assess about use of STI protection and for concerns about HIV infection Past history of STIs: Assess about incidence, treatment, and testing for STIs Pregnancy plans: Discuss plans for getting pregnant and pregnancy prevention Plus: Assess for trauma, violence, sexual health concerns and provide support for sexual orientation and gender identity A pack-year calculation is used to measure a person's exposure to tobacco and assess their risk of developing lung cancer or other diseases related to tobacco use. The pack year is calculated by multiplying the number of packs of cigarettes (1 pack=20 cigarettes) smoked per day by the number of years the person has smoked. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2021) recommends health care providers ask all adults about tobacco use, advise them to stop, and provide interventions for smoking cessation. treatment decisions are guided by diagnosis. The psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) during the initial assessment gathers information about the client's symptoms, clarifies attributes of each symptom, establishes the chronological order of information, and generates and tests diagnostic hypotheses. Psychiatric History components include: chief complaint history of the present illness (HPI) psychiatric history medical history family history social and developmental history History of Present Illness How long have you been feeling this way? Did something happen in your life that may have triggered these emotions? How is this current situation impacting your life? The chief complaint is a verbatim statement of the client's reason for seeking treatment or evaluation. Using the client's own words to document the chief complaint, even if improbable or nonsensical, conveys valuable information about the client's capacity for self-observation and insight. The psychiatric history describes previous episodes of mental health symptoms, whether treated or not. The history should detail the initial onset of symptoms and progress chronologically to the current episode. Symptom characteristics and progression should be described in detail. If the client has taken psychiatric medication in the past the psychiatric history should note which drug(s) have been prescribed, the dosage and length of treatment, and the client's response to treatment. The provider should note which medications have been therapeutic and whether the client experienced adverse effects. If the client has received psychotherapy, the PMHNP should note which therapy modality was used, the frequency and length of therapy, and any benefits the client experienced. The Psychiatric History Have you ever been hospitalized for any mental health issues? Have you ever had counseling or psychotherapy? Have you ever taken medications for your mental health in the past? Are you currently on any medications for mental health or sleep Previous psychiatric hospitalizations should be noted, as should past suicide attempts, ideation, or episodes of self-harm. The PMHNP may find it helpful to describe the client's comfort in sharing the information in the psychiatric history and any emotions revealed through the inquiry. A major medical illness or surgery may precipitate a psychiatric disturbance, while underlying medical conditions will inform diagnosis and treatment decisions. Why should the PMHNP conduct a brief review of systems? the provider may ask focused questions to determine the need for a medical referral or diagnostic testing; therefore, the PMHNP should conduct a brief review of systems (ROS). Medical diagnoses may present with psychiatric symptoms, including but not limited to: hyperthyroidism: anxiety, panic attacks, and mood swings hypothyroidism: depression, difficulty sleeping, and loss of appetite diabetes: mood disturbances chronic pain: depression, anxiety, poor sleep serious or terminal illnesses such as cancer or chronic autoimmune disorders: anxiety and depression Medical History/Screening for General Medical Conditions Do you have a primary care provider? Do you have any medical illnesses? Are you currently taking any medications or herbal supplements? Do you have any allergies to medications? Have you ever been hospitalized for any reason? Have you ever had surgery? Family Psychiatric History Many psychiatric disorders have a genetic component. Information about a client's family's psychiatric history, including which treatments have been successful or unsuccessful, may help inform the diagnosis and treatment planning. Information from the family history also helps identify family members who may be available for support, what stresses may have been caused by the client's symptoms, and who may be contributing to the exacerbation of the client's condition. Social and Developmental History .The client's social and developmental history helps the PMHNP gain insight into the client's home life, childhood experiences, and relationships. Information about relationships with parents, siblings, and others outside the family can help the provider identify available systems and assess the client's ability to form and maintain long-term relationships. Education and employment histories also provide valuable information about the client's life. Family Psychiatric History Questions Has any relative of yours ever been hospitalized for a mental health issue? Has any blood relative of yours ever been diagnosed with a mental health issue? Has any blood relative of yours had a history of seizures or dementia/Alzheimer's? Social and Developmental History questions Tell me a little bit about your childhood and how you grew up. How was your experience in school when you were younger? Did you enjoy school? How do you support yourself with your finances? Do you have a good support system? Are you currently in a relationship? Where do you live? Who do you live with? What do you do in your free time? What activities do you enjoy? Attending A techniques that demonstrates the nurses commitment to the relationship and reduces feelings of isolation clinical algorithms guideline that describes diagnostic and or treatment approaches drawn from large databases of information. these guidelines help the treatment team make decisions cognizant of an individual patients needs such as ethnic origin, age or gender. Clinical pathway A method of outlining a patient's path of treatment for a specific diagnosis, procedure, or symptom Therapeutic communication promotes patient growth and is patient centered Self-disclosure serves to: model and educate build a therapeutic alliance provide concrete reflection that encourages reality testing Non-verbal communication: Active listening Using touch Using silence Information verification/dissemination Providing information Clarifying Focusing Paraphrasing Validation Asking relevant questions Therapeutic Alliance A collaborative relationship between the therapist and the patient, essential for effective therapy. Importance of Therapeutic Alliance Most important goal of the interview process. Fundamental for successful therapy. Without trust, treatment adherence may be compromised. Necessary for eliciting information needed for diagnosis and care planning. What is the importance of mutual trust and respect in therapeutic alliance? Building a foundation of trust. What does collaboration refer to in therapeutic alliance? Working together towards common goals. Why is agreement on goals essential in therapeutic alliance? Aligning therapy objectives. How does the appropriate encounter environment contribute to therapeutic alliance? Ensuring the setting is conducive to trust and communication. What role does professionalism play in therapeutic alliance? Maintaining professional behavior and boundaries. What is the significance of therapeutic communication in therapeutic alliance? Using effective communication techniques. Primary Tasks of Psychiatric Interview Building a therapeutic alliance between the PMHNP and the client. Obtaining a database of psychiatric information about the client. Establishing a diagnosis. Negotiating a treatment plan. Initial Phase of Therapeutic Alliance Establishment: Begins during the initial or opening phase of the interview. Acquaintance: PMHNP and client are getting acquainted. Trust: Essential for a therapeutic alliance. Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations Theory: Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations. Role Evolution: From stranger to resource person, teacher, leader, surrogate, technical expert, and counselor (Townsend & Morgan, 2020). Importance of First Impressions First Impressions: Critical for establishing rapport. Introductions: Take time to make proper introductions. Comfort: Ensure the client is comfortable. empathic understanding General Questions: Ask to arrive at an empathic understanding of how the client feels. Active Listening: Listen carefully and communicate appreciation for the client’s concerns. Fostering Understanding: Promotes a sense of being understood Building Trusting Relationships Key Elements: Respect, kindness, and acceptance. Breaking Barriers: Allows for client needs to be the center of the plan of care. Engagement: Being present and openly engaged enhances the communication experience. Psychiatric interview the process by which psychiatric assessment is conducted -primary tasks • building a therapeutic alliance between the PMHNP & client • obtaining a database of psychiatric info about the client • establishing a dx • negotiating a tx plan Therapeutic Alliance a feeling that you should create over the course of the diagnostic interview, a sense of rapport, trust, and warmth -most important goal of the interview process -the cooperative working relationship between the therapist and client • begins during the initial or opening phase of the interview -fundamental component of successful therapy • Without trust, adherence to treatment recommendations may be compromised • interview may not elicit the information needed to formulate an appropriate dx & plan of care without rapport & trust Creating rapport: tips -Be Yourself -Be Warm, Courteous, and Emotionally Sensitive -Actively Defuse the Strangeness of the Clinical Situation -Give Your Patient the Opening Word -Gain Your Patient's Trust by Projecting Competence How to approach threatening topics (sensitive/embarrassing material) -Normalization -Symptom Expectation -Symptom Exaggeration -Reduction of Guilt -Use Familiar Language When Asking about Behaviors Normalization Introducing Q with some type of normalizing statement -two principal ways to do this: 1. start the question by implying that the behavior is a normal or understandable response to a mood or situation • ex: Sometimes when people are very depressed, they think of hurting themselves. Has this been true for you? 2. Begin by describing another patient (or patients) who has engaged in the behavior, showing your patient that she is not alone • ex: I've talked to several patients who've said that their depression causes them to have strange experiences, like hearing voices or thinking that strangers are laughing at them. Has that been happening to you? Symptom Expectation communicate that a behavior is in some way normal or expected -Phrase your Q's to imply that you already assume the patient has engaged in some behavior and that you will not be offended by a positive response -high index of suspicion of some self-destructive activity -Ex: patient is profoundly depressed and has expressed feelings of hopelessness. You suspect suicidality, but you sense that the patient may be too ashamed to admit it. Rather than gingerly asking "Have you had any thoughts that you'd be better off dead?" you might decide to use symptom expectation. "What kinds of ways to hurt yourself have you thought about?" *reserve this technique for situations in which it seems appropriate Symptom Exaggeration suggesting a frequency of a problematic behavior that is higher than your expectation, so that the patient feels that their actual, lower frequency of the behavior will not be perceived by you as being "bad." -helpful in clarifying the severity of symptoms *reserve this technique for situations in which it seems appropriate Reduction of guilt seeks to directly reduce a patient's guilt about a specific behavior in order to discover what they have been doing -useful in obtaining a hx of domestic violence & other antisocial behavior Domestic Violence -"Have you ever been in situations where fights occurred and you were affected?" • If patient answers "yes," you can flesh out whether role was being a witness, victim, or perpetrator According to Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations, establishing early rapport allows the role of the nurse to evolve from stranger to: resource person, teacher, leader, surrogate, technical expert, and counselor Establishing the Relationship -Trust is essential for a therapeutic alliance -First impressions are important -PMHNP should take time to make introductions and ensure the client is comfortable -Ask general questions to arrive at an empathic understanding of how the client feels -Listen carefully and communicate an appreciation for the client's concerns -Building a trusting relationship based on respect, kindness, and acceptance will break down barriers and allow for client needs to be the center of the plan of care -Being present and openly engaged will enhance the communication experience three phases of the psychiatric interview 1. Opening phase 2. Body of the Interview 3. Closing the Interview Opening phase -first 5-10 minutes -establish rapport & therapeutic alliance -often most important phase • establishes the foundation -begins with PMHNP asking "what brought you in to see me today?" Body of the Interview -30-40 minutes -Chief Complaint Established • additional Q's asked to elicit info r/t the complaint -ask about HPI, family hx, social/developmental hx, medical hx, psychiatric ROS -basis for dx and tx formulation Closing the Interview -5-10 minutes, final phase Should include 2 components: discussion of your assessment using patient education techniques & negotiated agreement about tx or f/u plans -wrap-up statement and inquiry about missing info that may be of value -Patient education regarding working dx & recommended plan of tx • education about meds if recommended -Homework may be assigned • especially in CBT -Return visit agreed upon Four Tasks of the Diagnostic Interview 1. Build a therapeutic alliance 2. Obtain the psychiatric database 3. Interview for diagnosis 4. Negotiate a tx plan with your patient Obtain the Psychiatric Database Also known as the psychiatric history -includes historical information relevant to the current clinical presentation • history of present illness, psychiatric history, medical history, family psychiatric history, and aspects of the social and developmental history Tricks for Improving Patient Recall -Anchor Questions to Memorable Events • major transitions (graduations and birthdays), holidays, accidents or illnesses, major purchases (a house or a car), seasonal events ("hurricane Katrina"), or public events (such as 9/11 or President Obama's election) -Tag Questions with Specific Examples • similar to posing multiple-choice questions, specifically for areas in which your patient is having trouble with recall -Define Technical Terms • patient's vague recall may be a lack of understanding of terms How to Change Topics with Style -Smooth Transition • cue off something the patient just said to introduce a new topic -Referred Transition • refer to something the patient said earlier in the interview to move to a new topic -Introduced Transition • introduce the next topic or series of topics before actually launching into it Techniques for the Reluctant Patient -Open-Ended Questions and Commands • increase the flow of information -Continuation Techniques, keep the flow coming: • Go on. • Uh huh. • Continue with what you were saying about... • Really? • Wow -Neutral Ground • changing the subject to something nonpsychiatric, with the intention of sidling back into your territory once you've gained the patient's trust. -Second Interview • When all else fails *must feel comfortable that the patient is not at imminent risk of suicide or other dangerous behaviors Techniques for the Overly Talkative Patient -Closed-ended and multiple-choice questions -Redirecting questions to another topic • The Art of the Gentle Interruption • redirecting statement • empathic interruption, you add an empathic statement to soften the blow • educating interruption incorporates a structuring statement in which you educate the patient about the sorts of questions you have yet to ask and the time constraints you're both working under -Structuring statements regarding information required and/or clinical procedures -brisk, highly controlling style therapeutic or nontherapeutic communication & communication technique it represents: Why are you so anxious? Nontherapeutic communication technique: Asking for Explanations therapeutic or nontherapeutic communication & communication technique it represents: Why don't you and John get married? Nontherapeutic communication technique: Asking Personal Questions therapeutic or nontherapeutic communication & communication technique it represents: What would you like to talk about today? Therapeutic communication technique: Broad Openings therapeutic or nontherapeutic communication & communication technique it represents: What do you think you should do about it? Therapeutic communication technique: Reflecting therapeutic or nontherapeutic communication: Older adults are always confused. Nontherapeutic therapeutic or nontherapeutic communication & communication technique it represents: I don't see anyone else in the room. Therapeutic communication technique: Presenting Reality therapeutic or nontherapeutic communication & communication technique it represents: If I was you, I'd take a break from school. Nontherapeutic communication technique: Giving Advice therapeutic or nontherapeutic communication & communication technique it represents: I'm so sorry about your mastectomy; it must be terrible to lose a breast. Therapeutic communication technique: Sympathy therapeutic or nontherapeutic communication & communication technique it represents: Today we have talked about a plan for you to manage feelings of anger. Therapeutic communication technique: Summarizing therapeutic or nontherapeutic communication & communication technique it represents: You shouldn't even think about assisted suicide; it's not right. Nontherapeutic communication technique: Disapproval therapeutic or nontherapeutic communication & communication technique it represents: You seem upset about something. Therapeutic communication technique: Making an Observation therapeutic or nontherapeutic communication & communication technique it represents: No one here would intentionally lie to you. Nontherapeutic communication technique: Defensive Responses therapeutic or nontherapeutic communication & communication technique it represents: Don't worry, everything will be all right. Nontherapeutic communication technique: False Reassurance Translating emotions: Sharing observations Sharing empathy Sharing hope Sharing humor Sharing feelings Non-verbal communication: Active listening Using touch Using silence Information verification/dissemination: Providing information Clarifying Focusing Paraphrasing Validation Asking relevant questions Psychiatric Interview versus the Medical Interview most notable difference is that the psychiatric interview is the primary diagnostic tool used to identify psychiatric conditions. -Unlike the diagnostic process in physical medicine, psychiatric diagnoses are not generally established or validated by physical examinations, laboratory tests, or other diagnostic procedures • such processes may be used to rule out physical causes for psychiatric symptoms -need for privacy and confidentiality may be heightened in psychiatric interviewing due to the sensitive nature of the information shared • mental health diagnoses are associated with stigma in certain cultures • Safeguarding privacy is critical for building trust and protecting the client from adverse outcomes Preparing for the Psychiatric Interview consideration of the setting and timing of the interview, as well as the unique needs of the client. -secure a space -protect your time Secure a space -Schedule the same time every week -Make your room your own in some way -Arrange the seating so that you can see a clock protect your time -Arrive Earlier than the Patient -Prevent Interruptions -Don't Overbook Patients -Leave Plenty of Time for Notes and Paperwork Psychiatric interview setting typically in either the inpatient or outpatient setting -inpatient interviews in the emergency department, psychiatric unit, or any unit in the hospital, often serving in a consultation-liaison role -Outpatient care: clinics, community mental health centers, residential care facilities, private practice, primary care, homeless shelters, or homecare • may self-refer or be referred by another provider for support, guidance, and medication management, or court-ordered therapy interview environment -comfortable, clean space to put provider & client at ease -a visible clock to monitor time -access to alarms or other safety measures -provider access to the door for safe exiting -removal of sharp objects such as scissors or letter openers -a noise-canceling device for privacy Interview: Time Considerations Be on time. -Don't be late! -Schedule appointments thoughtfully to ensure promptness. Stay on time. -builds trust and communicates that respect for the client. Discuss follow-up visits in the closure phase of the interview -The timing of subsequent visits is informed by the client's unique circumstances, diagnosis and treatment, and medication regimens. Therapeutic Communication Verbal -Active Listening: listening attentively to insure understanding -Broad Openings: allow clients to take initiative -Accepting: indicate you heard the client without judgment -Clarifying: make vague topics clear -Exploring: examine topics deeper -Focusing: putting attention into a single topic -Reflecting: direct the client's thoughts and feelings back to the client -Restating: repeat the client's words in a different way to make more clear Nonverbal -Positive techniques • relaxed movements • open arm gestures • smiles • respect for personal space • eye contact • nods when clients talk can communicate agreement or understanding -negative body language • finger-pointing • crossed arms • looking at a watch Psychiatric Interview Long Form adapted from the one used by Anthony Erdmann, an attending psychiatrist at MGH. He takes notes on it while talking to patients and puts it in his chart Advantages -ensures a thorough data evaluation and saves time, because notes can be placed directly into the chart Disadvantages -patients may be alienated if you seem more interested in completing a form than in getting to know them Psychiatric Interview Short Form can be used for rough notes -when you are going to dictate the evaluation or write it up in a longer version later. Advantages -presents less of a barrier between clinician and patient -easy to refer to while dictating. Disadvantages -may lead to a less thorough evaluation Psychiatric Interview Pocket Card used to remind you of all the topics to cover -jot rough notes on a blank piece of paper or not take notes at all Advantages -card allows maximum interaction between clinician and patient Disadvantages -Required information not fully spelled out on pocket card • more use of memory is required Patient Questionnaire decrease the time needed to acquire basic information Advantages -allows more time during the first session to focus on issues of immediate concern to the patient -may heighten patient's sense they're actively participating in their care Disadvantages -invalid information may be collected -Some patients may view filling out the questionnaire as a burden Patient Handouts written information about disorder Advantages -increase patients' understanding of their diagnosis -sense that they are collaborating in their tx Disadvantages -may present more info than some patients can handle -Info may be misinterpreted Active Listening involves preparing to be fully attentive to the interaction -note verbal and non-verbal cues • including what is said and how it is said -indicate attentiveness through their feedback and body language Observation may include client presentation, grooming, and facial expressions -Observation skills are also used to collect objective data Advanced communication skills critical listening critical questioning critical thinking Much of the information collected during the interview is obtained through ______________ & ______________ active listening & observation Delusional clients require: patience and understanding during the psychiatric interview -Avoid disagreeing with them or denying the reality of their delusions Client Considerations: mute or catatonic clients use of observation techniques will help in formulating a potential diagnosis. pitfalls that can subvert the therapeutic alliance -rushing the interview -giving advice -transference and countertransference pitfalls: transference and countertransference two phenomena that can impact the therapeutic alliance -Transference: a client's displacement or projection of feelings or wishes towards important individuals in the client's past, such as parents, onto the therapist • not always (-), provides opportunity to bring repressed feelings to the surface, If client is reminded of someone for whom they have fond memories, may allow for a (+) experience during the initial interview. If the feelings are (-) the client may appear angry or make provocative statements -Countertransference: a therapist's conscious or unconscious reactions to a client based on the therapist's psychological needs or conflicts. • can be positive or negative HPI history of the present illness -concise, clear, and chronological description of the chief complaint which prompted the client's visit • details what the client believes to be causing the present symptoms -guided by the mnemonic "OLDCARTS" -gather information about the timeframe of symptom onset or exacerbation, triggers or stressful life events, and recent treatment and treatment changes -nature of the symptoms, when they emerged, and how they have progressed -Documentation: • opening statement • characterization of the chief complaint in chronological order • pertinent positive symptoms • pertinent negative symptoms • other relevant info. from the hx symptom characteristics should be described in detail Obtaining the HPI Two approaches: -History of present crisis approach • Often, psychiatric crises occur over a 1- to 4-week period, so focus your initial questions on this period. • What has been happening over the past week or two that has brought you into the clinic? • Tell me about some of the stressors you've dealt with over the past couple of weeks. -History of the syndrome approach • ascertaining when the patient first remembers signs of the illness. • When did you first begin having these kinds of problems? • When was the last time you remember feeling perfectly well? PMH -past medical history includes all current and old medical problems • childhood illness • adult illness • surgical • obstetric/gynecologic • psychiatric • health maintenance -major medical illness or surgery may precipitate a psychiatric disturbance -name and dosing schedule for all currently meds to avoid risk of adverse interactions with new psychiatric prescriptions Family Hx Document info about the client's parents, grandparents, siblings, children, and grandchildren -regarding age, health, & cause of death. -Include whether they have conditions such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, diabetes, or cancer. -Many psychiatric disorders have a genetic component • info about family psych hx including tx that was successful/unsuccessful may help form dx/tx plan, can help ID those available for support, ID stresses/contributing factors to clients condition Personal and Social Hx Personal Hx: -personality and interests, sources of support, coping style, strengths, and concerns -sexual orientation and gender identification, occupation and education, relationships, safety, spirituality, and support systems -older adults/clients with diabilities: level of function and activities of daily living Social Hx: -tobacco, illicit drug, and alcohol use -sexuality & risk-taking sexual practices -Five Ps+ • Partners (gender & # of partners) • Practices (oral, vaginal, anal) • Protection from STIs • Past hx of STIs • Pregnancy plans • +Plus (assess for trauma, violence, sexual health concerns & provide support for sexual orientation and gender identity) ROS review of systems used to obtain additional info about client's CC & HPI & to uncover any additional symptoms r/t potential problems in systems unrelated to the CC -follow a head-to-toe approach with yes or no questions • follow up when there is a response that indicates an abnormality with open-ended questions -subjective • constitutional • skin • head • eyes • ears • nose/sinuses • allergies • mouth/throat • neck • breast • respiratory/cardiac • gastrointestinal • urinary • peripheral vascular • musculoskeletal • neurological • hematologic • endocrine • psychiatric Social and developmental hx helps the PMHNP gain insight into the client's home life, childhood experiences, and relationships -Info about relationships with parents, siblings, and others outside the family can help the provider ID available systems & assess the client's ability to form and maintain long-term relationships -education & employment histories match the assessment question with the related symptom attribute: Onset: Location: Duration: Characteristics: Aggravating Factors: Relieving Factors: Treatments: Severity of the Symptoms: "How bothersome is this problem?" "Have you taken any medications or nonpharmaceutical treatments for this problem?" "Does anything make it better?" "When did this start?" "Where did the problem start; does it move anywhere?" "How long does the problem last or is it constant?" "Can you describe what the problem feels like?" "Does anything make it worse?" -Onset: "When did this start?" -Location: "Where did the problem start; does it move anywhere?" -Duration: "How long does the problem last or is it constant?" -Characteristics: "Can you describe what the problem feels like?" -Aggravating Factors: "Does anything make it worse?" -Relieving Factors: "Does anything make it better?" -Treatments: "Have you taken any medications or nonpharmaceutical treatments for this problem?" -everity of the Symptoms: "How bothersome is this problem?" The psychiatric history -describes previous episodes of mental health symptoms • whether treated or not -should detail the initial onset of symptoms and progress chronologically to the current episode • characteristics and progression should be described in detail -distinguish chronic disorders from isolated episodes -gather info on prior treatments -note which drug(s) prescribed, dosage & length of tx, & client's response to tx -which meds therapeutic & if adverse effects -if client received psychotherapy, note which modality was used, frequency, length of therapy, any benefits -hospitalizations -suicide attempts, ideations, episodes of self-harm -any emotions revealed through the inquiry Medical diagnoses may present with psychiatric symptoms: hyperthyroidism anxiety, panic attacks, and mood swings Medical diagnoses may present with psychiatric symptoms: hypothyroidism depression, difficulty sleeping, and loss of appetite Medical diagnoses may present with psychiatric symptoms: diabetes mood disturbances Medical diagnoses may present with psychiatric symptoms: chronic pain depression, anxiety, poor sleep Medical diagnoses may present with psychiatric symptoms: serious or terminal illnesses such as cancer or chronic autoimmune disorders anxiety and depression Focused Questions for The Psychiatric Assessment: The Psychiatric History -Have you ever been hospitalized for any mental health issues? -Have you ever had counseling or psychotherapy? -Have you ever taken medications for your mental health in the past? -Are you currently on any medications for mental health or sleep? Focused Questions for The Psychiatric Assessment: Family Psychiatric History -Has any relative of yours ever been hospitalized for a mental health issue? -Has any blood relative of yours ever been diagnosed with a mental health issue? -Has any blood relative of yours had a history of seizures or dementia/Alzheimer's? Focused Questions for The Psychiatric Assessment: Social and Developmental History -Tell me a little bit about your childhood and how you grew up. -How was your experience in school when you were younger? Did you enjoy school? -How do you support yourself with your finances? -Do you have a good support system? Are you currently in a relationship? Where do you live? Who do you live with? -What do you do in your free time? What activities do you enjoy? Focused Questions for The Psychiatric Assessment: Medical History/Screening for General Medical Conditions -Do you have a primary care provider? -Do you have any medical illnesses? -Are you currently taking any medications or herbal supplements? -Do you have any allergies to medications? -Have you ever been hospitalized for any reason? -Have you ever had surgery? Focused Questions for The Psychiatric Assessment: History of Present Illness -How long have you been feeling this way? -Did something happen in your life that may have triggered these emotions? -How is this current situation impacting your life? Common precipitants of psychiatric syndromes -arguments with friends or relatives -rejection or abandonment -death or major illness of loved ones -anniversary of a negative event, such as a death or divorce -major medical illness or age-related deterioration in functioning -stressful events at work or school -mental health clinician going on vacation -medication noncompliance -substance abuse To assess overall functioning: ask about the three basic aspects of life: love -important relationships: family, spouse, close friends work -paid employment, school, volunteer activities, structured day activities fun -hobbies and recreational pursuits essential questions: Syndromal history How old were you when you first had these symptoms? How many episodes have you had? When was the last episode? Go CHaMP Mnemonic for tx hx: General questions Current caregivers Hospitalization history Medication history Psychotherapy history MIDAS Mnemonic to ask about medical hx: Medications Illness hx primary care Doctor Allergies Surgical hx Relative risk compares the risk for people with such a family history against the risk of people in the general population, who are assigned a relative risk of 1.0. -example, relative risk of developing bipolar disorder is 25; patient's father is bipolar, she is 25 times more likely to develop bipolar disorder than the average Person