BIOL 252 Exam 1 Review – Complete
Collection of Real Exam Questions with
Accurate, Verified Answers for High-Pass
Performance
What is homeostasis? - answ✔️💜💜✔️how varied components of living things adjust to maintain a
constant internal living environment. There is a balanced dynamic state! Diseases result from
homeostatic imbalances (diabetes)
What are the levels of organization? - answ✔️💜💜✔️chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system
- organismal
What is the nervous system made of? - answ✔️💜💜✔️The Central nervous system (brain and spinal
cord) and the peripheral nervous system (cranial nerves and spinal nerves).
What is the big picture of the nervous system? What does this mean? - answ✔️💜💜✔️Input -
Processing - Output. Explain.
Most of our wiring is _____. - answ✔️💜💜✔️insulated.
Neuron - answ✔️💜💜✔️
,Describe the soma, neurofibrils, Nissl bodies, dendrites, axon and axon hillock. - answ✔️💜💜✔️Soma-
body of the neuron cell.
Neurofibrils- work with microtubules to compartmentalize rough ER into Nissl bodies.
Nissl bodies- help identify neurons in tissue sections with mixed cell types
Dendrites- primary site for receiving signals from other neurons
axon hillock- nerve fiber where axon originates
axon- conducs nerve signals to remote point from the soma. contains Varicosities secrete NTs.
How are neurons classified? - answ✔️💜💜✔️By number of processes extending from the soma.
What is the difference in multipolar nerons, bipolar neurons, and anaxonic neurons? -
answ✔️💜💜✔️multipolar - one axon with multiple dendrites. Includes most neurons of the brain and
spinal cord.
bipolar- one axon and one dendrite.
Anaxonic- multiple dendrites, no axon. Communicate through dendrites and produce no action. found in
brain, retina, and adrenal medulla.
What is axonal transport? - answ✔️💜💜✔️two way passage of proteins, organelles, and other
materials along the axon.
What is anterograde and retrograde transport? - answ✔️💜💜✔️anterograde- moves down the axon,
away from the soma.
retrograde- moves up the axon, towards the soma.
What are 3 properties that enable communication with other cells? - answ✔️💜💜✔️1. Excitability
(response to stimuli or environmental change).
2. Conductivity ( production of electrical signals that are conducted to other cells at distant locations).
3. Secretion (when a signal reaches the end of a nerve fiber, neuron secretes a NT that crosses gap and
enters the next cell).
, What are sensory neurons? - answ✔️💜💜✔️(dealing with the five senses) They are a part of the PNS
(afferent). They conduct signals from receptors to the nervous system. Detect stimuli and transmit info
TOWARDs the CNS.
somatic: bones, joints, and muscles
visceral: comes from inside us like internal organs
(organized by location)
What are interneurons? - answ✔️💜💜✔️They lie within the CNS. They receive signals and carry out
the integrative function of the nervous system. They take info from sensory neurons in the PNS and
make decisions.
What are motor (efferent) neurons? - answ✔️💜💜✔️sends signals AWAY from the CNS to primarily
muscle cells (effector).
somatic: skeletal muscle
autonomic: things you can't control (like digestion, heartbeat, glands in hormonal signaling) -- smooth
muscles, cardiac muscles, hormones.
(organized by target cell)
What is the myelin sheath? - answ✔️💜💜✔️A whitish, fatty segmented sheath around most LONG
(not all) axons. They increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission. It is formed by cells. The cell has
concentric layers of membrane that make up the myelin sheath.
What are neuroglia? - answ✔️💜💜✔️glia cells that protect neurons by binging them together to
provide a supportive framework for nervous tissue. Prevent neurons from contacting each other.
What are the four neuroglia in the central nervous system ? - answ✔️💜💜✔️Astrocytes,
Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, and Microglia
Astrocytes - answ✔️💜💜✔️- support and brace neurons
- control the chemical environment
- cover the brain and nonsynaptic regions of neurons
- supportive framework of CNS
Collection of Real Exam Questions with
Accurate, Verified Answers for High-Pass
Performance
What is homeostasis? - answ✔️💜💜✔️how varied components of living things adjust to maintain a
constant internal living environment. There is a balanced dynamic state! Diseases result from
homeostatic imbalances (diabetes)
What are the levels of organization? - answ✔️💜💜✔️chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system
- organismal
What is the nervous system made of? - answ✔️💜💜✔️The Central nervous system (brain and spinal
cord) and the peripheral nervous system (cranial nerves and spinal nerves).
What is the big picture of the nervous system? What does this mean? - answ✔️💜💜✔️Input -
Processing - Output. Explain.
Most of our wiring is _____. - answ✔️💜💜✔️insulated.
Neuron - answ✔️💜💜✔️
,Describe the soma, neurofibrils, Nissl bodies, dendrites, axon and axon hillock. - answ✔️💜💜✔️Soma-
body of the neuron cell.
Neurofibrils- work with microtubules to compartmentalize rough ER into Nissl bodies.
Nissl bodies- help identify neurons in tissue sections with mixed cell types
Dendrites- primary site for receiving signals from other neurons
axon hillock- nerve fiber where axon originates
axon- conducs nerve signals to remote point from the soma. contains Varicosities secrete NTs.
How are neurons classified? - answ✔️💜💜✔️By number of processes extending from the soma.
What is the difference in multipolar nerons, bipolar neurons, and anaxonic neurons? -
answ✔️💜💜✔️multipolar - one axon with multiple dendrites. Includes most neurons of the brain and
spinal cord.
bipolar- one axon and one dendrite.
Anaxonic- multiple dendrites, no axon. Communicate through dendrites and produce no action. found in
brain, retina, and adrenal medulla.
What is axonal transport? - answ✔️💜💜✔️two way passage of proteins, organelles, and other
materials along the axon.
What is anterograde and retrograde transport? - answ✔️💜💜✔️anterograde- moves down the axon,
away from the soma.
retrograde- moves up the axon, towards the soma.
What are 3 properties that enable communication with other cells? - answ✔️💜💜✔️1. Excitability
(response to stimuli or environmental change).
2. Conductivity ( production of electrical signals that are conducted to other cells at distant locations).
3. Secretion (when a signal reaches the end of a nerve fiber, neuron secretes a NT that crosses gap and
enters the next cell).
, What are sensory neurons? - answ✔️💜💜✔️(dealing with the five senses) They are a part of the PNS
(afferent). They conduct signals from receptors to the nervous system. Detect stimuli and transmit info
TOWARDs the CNS.
somatic: bones, joints, and muscles
visceral: comes from inside us like internal organs
(organized by location)
What are interneurons? - answ✔️💜💜✔️They lie within the CNS. They receive signals and carry out
the integrative function of the nervous system. They take info from sensory neurons in the PNS and
make decisions.
What are motor (efferent) neurons? - answ✔️💜💜✔️sends signals AWAY from the CNS to primarily
muscle cells (effector).
somatic: skeletal muscle
autonomic: things you can't control (like digestion, heartbeat, glands in hormonal signaling) -- smooth
muscles, cardiac muscles, hormones.
(organized by target cell)
What is the myelin sheath? - answ✔️💜💜✔️A whitish, fatty segmented sheath around most LONG
(not all) axons. They increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission. It is formed by cells. The cell has
concentric layers of membrane that make up the myelin sheath.
What are neuroglia? - answ✔️💜💜✔️glia cells that protect neurons by binging them together to
provide a supportive framework for nervous tissue. Prevent neurons from contacting each other.
What are the four neuroglia in the central nervous system ? - answ✔️💜💜✔️Astrocytes,
Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, and Microglia
Astrocytes - answ✔️💜💜✔️- support and brace neurons
- control the chemical environment
- cover the brain and nonsynaptic regions of neurons
- supportive framework of CNS
