STUDY GUIDE CH 31,33, 66
Chapter 31
-Assessment of the immune system
Natural (Innate) Immunity
Nonspecific first-line defense
● Physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
● Chemical barriers (tears, saliva enzymes, gastric acid)
● WBC responses:
○ Histamine
○ Bradykinin
○ Prostaglandins
● Inflammatory response
● Phagocytosis (monocytes/macrophages)
● No memory
Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity
Specific response to a specific antigen
Two types:
1. Active Immunity
● Body develops its own antibodies
● Long-lasting (years → lifetime)
Examples:
● Getting a disease (e.g., chickenpox)
, ● Vaccination
2. Passive Immunity
● Antibodies are transferred, NOT produced by the person's body
● Immediate but temporary
Examples:
● Maternal antibodies (breastfeeding)
● Immune globulin injections
Four Stages of the Immune Response
1. Recognition Stage
● Immune system identifies antigen as foreign
● Lymph nodes + lymphocytes perform surveillance
● Macrophages play major role
● Antigen presenting cells “show” antigen to lymphocytes for processing
2. Proliferation Stage
● Lymphocytes multiply
● T-cells differentiate into:
○ Helper T-cells
○ Cytotoxic (killer) T-cells
● B-cells differentiate into:
○ Plasma cells → produce antibodies
3. Response Stage
, ● Humoral response → B-cells produce antibodies
● Cellular response → T-cells attack infected cells
4. Effector Stage
● Antibodies neutralize/destroy antigens (humoral)
● Cytotoxic T-cells kill infected cells directly (cellular)
Humoral vs Cellular Immune Response:
Humoral Immunity
● Mediated by B cells
● Produces antibodies (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM)
● Mechanisms:
○ Agglutination
○ Opsonization
○ Complement activation
Cellular Immunity
● Mediated by T cells
● Types of T cells:
○ Helper T cells — activate B cells
○ Cytotoxic T cells — kill infected cells
○ Suppressor T cells — downregulate immune response
○ Memory T cells — long-term immunity
Non-T & Non-B Lymphocytes:
, ● Natural Killer (NK) Cells
○ Destroy virus-infected cells & tumor cells
○ Do NOT require prior sensitization
● Null cells
○ Destroy antibody-coated antigens
Complement System :
Complement = group of circulating proteins made in the liver
Activation pathways:
● Classical
● Lectin
● Alternative
Three major functions:
1. Defend body against bacterial infection
2. Bridge natural & acquired immunity
3. Dispose of immune complexes by-products
Tests to Assess Immune Function:
1. CBC with differential
2. Bone marrow biopsy (when marrow dysfunction suspected)
CBC vs Differential
1. CBC
Chapter 31
-Assessment of the immune system
Natural (Innate) Immunity
Nonspecific first-line defense
● Physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
● Chemical barriers (tears, saliva enzymes, gastric acid)
● WBC responses:
○ Histamine
○ Bradykinin
○ Prostaglandins
● Inflammatory response
● Phagocytosis (monocytes/macrophages)
● No memory
Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity
Specific response to a specific antigen
Two types:
1. Active Immunity
● Body develops its own antibodies
● Long-lasting (years → lifetime)
Examples:
● Getting a disease (e.g., chickenpox)
, ● Vaccination
2. Passive Immunity
● Antibodies are transferred, NOT produced by the person's body
● Immediate but temporary
Examples:
● Maternal antibodies (breastfeeding)
● Immune globulin injections
Four Stages of the Immune Response
1. Recognition Stage
● Immune system identifies antigen as foreign
● Lymph nodes + lymphocytes perform surveillance
● Macrophages play major role
● Antigen presenting cells “show” antigen to lymphocytes for processing
2. Proliferation Stage
● Lymphocytes multiply
● T-cells differentiate into:
○ Helper T-cells
○ Cytotoxic (killer) T-cells
● B-cells differentiate into:
○ Plasma cells → produce antibodies
3. Response Stage
, ● Humoral response → B-cells produce antibodies
● Cellular response → T-cells attack infected cells
4. Effector Stage
● Antibodies neutralize/destroy antigens (humoral)
● Cytotoxic T-cells kill infected cells directly (cellular)
Humoral vs Cellular Immune Response:
Humoral Immunity
● Mediated by B cells
● Produces antibodies (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM)
● Mechanisms:
○ Agglutination
○ Opsonization
○ Complement activation
Cellular Immunity
● Mediated by T cells
● Types of T cells:
○ Helper T cells — activate B cells
○ Cytotoxic T cells — kill infected cells
○ Suppressor T cells — downregulate immune response
○ Memory T cells — long-term immunity
Non-T & Non-B Lymphocytes:
, ● Natural Killer (NK) Cells
○ Destroy virus-infected cells & tumor cells
○ Do NOT require prior sensitization
● Null cells
○ Destroy antibody-coated antigens
Complement System :
Complement = group of circulating proteins made in the liver
Activation pathways:
● Classical
● Lectin
● Alternative
Three major functions:
1. Defend body against bacterial infection
2. Bridge natural & acquired immunity
3. Dispose of immune complexes by-products
Tests to Assess Immune Function:
1. CBC with differential
2. Bone marrow biopsy (when marrow dysfunction suspected)
CBC vs Differential
1. CBC
