HCR 240 Final Exam Master Study Guide UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
Cell injury happens when a cell is exposed to stress that it cannot adapt to
Reversible cell injury injury that is mild or short-term
Irreversible cell injury injury that is severe or prolonged
Outcome of severe or prolonged cell injury it becomes irreversible and leads to cell death
Outcome of mild or short-term cell injury it can be reversible
What is the fundamental definition of hypoxic injury? Hypoxic injury occurs when a cell does not receive sufficient oxygen to maintain
its normal functions.
Why is oxygen critical for cellular survival? Oxygen is required to produce ATP, which serves as the primary energy source
for the cell's metabolic processes, including the operation of ion pumps.
What is the sequence of events leading from low oxygen Low oxygen leads to low ATP, which causes the sodium-potassium pump to fail.
to cell death? Sodium accumulates inside the cell, drawing water in via osmosis, resulting in cell
swelling, dysfunction, and eventually cell death if the condition persists.
What are common clinical causes of hypoxic injury? Common causes include heart attack, stroke, anemia, shock, respiratory failure,
and carbon monoxide poisoning.
Which organs are most susceptible to hypoxic injury and The brain, heart, and kidneys are most susceptible because they have high
why? metabolic demands and require a constant, significant supply of oxygen.
Free radicals Unstable molecules that damage cell membranes, proteins, and DNA.
Causes of free radicals Radiation, inflammation, toxic chemicals, reperfusion injury, aging, smoking.
Reperfusion injury After blood flow returns to an injured area, oxygen can suddenly create free
radicals.
What do free radicals damage? Cell membranes, proteins, and DNA.
What is the result of oxygen returning to an injured area? Reperfusion injury.
, Chemical Injury Toxins, drugs, alcohol, poisons, and pollutants can directly damage cells.
Examples of chemical injury Alcohol damages liver cells. Carbon monoxide blocks oxygen delivery. Some
medications can damage kidneys or liver if toxic.
Infectious Injury Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites can damage cells directly or trigger
inflammation that damages tissue.
Immunologic Injury The immune system can harm the body when it attacks self-tissue or overreacts.
Examples of immunologic injury Autoimmune disease, allergies, transplant rejection.
Nutritional Injury Too little or too much nutrition can injure cells.
Examples of nutritional injury Protein deficiency, vitamin deficiency, obesity, high cholesterol.
Genetic Injury Inherited defects can cause abnormal proteins, enzyme problems, or abnormal
cell development.
Examples of genetic injury Sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome.
Necrosis Uncontrolled cell death that usually causes inflammation.
Coagulative Necrosis Cells die, but the tissue structure stays somewhat intact for a while.
Cause of Coagulative Necrosis Usually caused by ischemia, meaning lack of blood flow.
Organs commonly affected by Coagulative Necrosis Heart, kidneys, spleen.
Liquefactive Necrosis Dead tissue becomes liquid-like.
Common locations for Liquefactive Necrosis Brain tissue and abscesses.
Caseous Necrosis Cheese-like appearance.
Condition commonly associated with Caseous Necrosis Tuberculosis.
Fat Necrosis Fat tissue is destroyed, often by enzymes.
Common causes of Fat Necrosis Pancreatitis or breast trauma.
Gangrenous Necrosis Usually caused by loss of blood supply to a large area.
CORRECT ANSWERS
Cell injury happens when a cell is exposed to stress that it cannot adapt to
Reversible cell injury injury that is mild or short-term
Irreversible cell injury injury that is severe or prolonged
Outcome of severe or prolonged cell injury it becomes irreversible and leads to cell death
Outcome of mild or short-term cell injury it can be reversible
What is the fundamental definition of hypoxic injury? Hypoxic injury occurs when a cell does not receive sufficient oxygen to maintain
its normal functions.
Why is oxygen critical for cellular survival? Oxygen is required to produce ATP, which serves as the primary energy source
for the cell's metabolic processes, including the operation of ion pumps.
What is the sequence of events leading from low oxygen Low oxygen leads to low ATP, which causes the sodium-potassium pump to fail.
to cell death? Sodium accumulates inside the cell, drawing water in via osmosis, resulting in cell
swelling, dysfunction, and eventually cell death if the condition persists.
What are common clinical causes of hypoxic injury? Common causes include heart attack, stroke, anemia, shock, respiratory failure,
and carbon monoxide poisoning.
Which organs are most susceptible to hypoxic injury and The brain, heart, and kidneys are most susceptible because they have high
why? metabolic demands and require a constant, significant supply of oxygen.
Free radicals Unstable molecules that damage cell membranes, proteins, and DNA.
Causes of free radicals Radiation, inflammation, toxic chemicals, reperfusion injury, aging, smoking.
Reperfusion injury After blood flow returns to an injured area, oxygen can suddenly create free
radicals.
What do free radicals damage? Cell membranes, proteins, and DNA.
What is the result of oxygen returning to an injured area? Reperfusion injury.
, Chemical Injury Toxins, drugs, alcohol, poisons, and pollutants can directly damage cells.
Examples of chemical injury Alcohol damages liver cells. Carbon monoxide blocks oxygen delivery. Some
medications can damage kidneys or liver if toxic.
Infectious Injury Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites can damage cells directly or trigger
inflammation that damages tissue.
Immunologic Injury The immune system can harm the body when it attacks self-tissue or overreacts.
Examples of immunologic injury Autoimmune disease, allergies, transplant rejection.
Nutritional Injury Too little or too much nutrition can injure cells.
Examples of nutritional injury Protein deficiency, vitamin deficiency, obesity, high cholesterol.
Genetic Injury Inherited defects can cause abnormal proteins, enzyme problems, or abnormal
cell development.
Examples of genetic injury Sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome.
Necrosis Uncontrolled cell death that usually causes inflammation.
Coagulative Necrosis Cells die, but the tissue structure stays somewhat intact for a while.
Cause of Coagulative Necrosis Usually caused by ischemia, meaning lack of blood flow.
Organs commonly affected by Coagulative Necrosis Heart, kidneys, spleen.
Liquefactive Necrosis Dead tissue becomes liquid-like.
Common locations for Liquefactive Necrosis Brain tissue and abscesses.
Caseous Necrosis Cheese-like appearance.
Condition commonly associated with Caseous Necrosis Tuberculosis.
Fat Necrosis Fat tissue is destroyed, often by enzymes.
Common causes of Fat Necrosis Pancreatitis or breast trauma.
Gangrenous Necrosis Usually caused by loss of blood supply to a large area.
