APHY 101 ACTUAL EXAMS SCRIPT QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What are the two types of metabolic reactions? - ✔✔Anabolism and Catabolism
✔✔Anabolism - ✔✔Small molecules are built up into larger molecules, requiring energy
✔✔Catabolism - ✔✔larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, releasing
energy
✔✔What happens when an enzyme substrate complex is formed? - ✔✔When the
enzyme and substrate are joined, the catalytic action of the enzyme converts the
substrate to the product (or products) of the reaction.
✔✔What is the active site on an enzyme? - ✔✔Active sites on the enzyme combine with
the substrate and a reaction occurs.
✔✔Denaturation - ✔✔the alteration of a protein shape through some form of external
stress (for example, by applying heat, acid or alkali), in such a way that it can no longer
carry out its cellular function.
✔✔What is ATP? - ✔✔the primary source of energy for a cell
✔✔How do cells get the energy to make ATP? - ✔✔By breaking apart glucose
molecules
✔✔What is aerobic respiration? What are the two stages? How many ATP are
produced? - ✔✔Aerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy involving
oxygen. Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a 2-step process. The first step is
glycolysis, and the second is the citric acid cycle. It produces roughly 36 ATP.
,✔✔What is glycolysis? How does it begin and what is produced at the end? - ✔✔The 6-
carbon sugar glucose is broken down in the cytosol into 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2
pyruvate molecules.
✔✔What is anaerobic respiration? How many ATP are produced? Where in the cell
does it take place? - ✔✔Anaerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular
energy without oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is a relatively fast reaction and produces 2
ATP. Anaerobic reactions occur in the cytoplasm.
✔✔What is the electron transport chain? - ✔✔The electron transport chain passes each
electron along, gradually lowering the electron's energy level and transferring that
energy to ATP synthase
✔✔What are the characteristics of DNA? - ✔✔Double-stranded DNA molecules twist to
form a double helix consisting of "sugar-phosphate rails" and bases pair to form the
"rungs."
✔✔What are the 4 types the DNA molecule base can be? - ✔✔(A) adenine
(T) thymine
(C) cytosine
(G) guanine
✔✔What are the complementary base pairs for DNA? - ✔✔A T
CG
✔✔Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) - ✔✔Single-stranded molecules, their nucleotides have
ribose rather than deoxyribose sugar, and uracil rather than thymine. Functions in
protein synthesis.
✔✔Nucleotides - ✔✔Building blocks of nucleic acid; consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a
phosphate group, and one of several nitrogenous bases
✔✔What are the 4 types the RNA molecule base can be? - ✔✔A) adenine
(T) uracil
(C) cytosine
(G) guanine
✔✔How is RNA made? - ✔✔All of the RNA in a cell is made by DNA transcription, a
process catalyzed by a class of enzymes called RNA polymerases.
✔✔List the steps of protein synthesis. - ✔✔During protein synthesis tRNA molecules
bring the appropriate amino acids to align against an mRNA molecule temporarily held
on a ribosome. The aligned amino acids join and the polypeptide that grows folds.
, ✔✔Transcription - ✔✔the process of copying the information encoded in DNA to
produce RNA
✔✔Translation - ✔✔The process of translating the series of codons of mRNA from the
language of nucleic acids to the language of amino acids.
✔✔codons - ✔✔set of three nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule corresponding
to one of the 20 types of amino acids
✔✔How does DNA replicate? - ✔✔During interphase, hydrogen bonds break between
the base pairs.
The strands unwind and part, and free nucleotides come in and hydrogen bonds form
between the new and the old.
Enzymes catalyze the base pair bonding and the knitting together of the sugar-
phosphate backbone.
✔✔Mutations - ✔✔The rare distinctions in DNA sequence that affect how we look or
feel. Mutations may be spontaneous (due to transient mispairing during DNA
replication) or induced by exposure to certain chemicals or radiation.
✔✔What is a tissue? - ✔✔layers or groups of similar cells with a common function
✔✔What are the four types of tissues in the body? - ✔✔Epithelial, connective, muscle,
and nervous tissues
✔✔What are the general characteristics of epithelial tissue? - ✔✔Covers body surface
and organs, lines body cavities and hollow organs, composes glands, lacks blood
vessels, cells readily divide, and cells are tightly packed; they function in protection,
secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensory
reception.
✔✔How are most epithelial tissues named? - ✔✔Epithelial tissues are classified
according to cell shape and number of cell layers
✔✔What is glandular epithelium? - ✔✔a single cell or a mass of cells; produces and
secretes substances into ducts or into body fluids
✔✔Simple Squamous Epithelium - ✔✔single layer of thin, flattened cells; it functions in
the exchange of gases in the lungs and lines blood and lymph vessels as well as body
cavities
✔✔Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - ✔✔single layer of cube-shaped cells with
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What are the two types of metabolic reactions? - ✔✔Anabolism and Catabolism
✔✔Anabolism - ✔✔Small molecules are built up into larger molecules, requiring energy
✔✔Catabolism - ✔✔larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, releasing
energy
✔✔What happens when an enzyme substrate complex is formed? - ✔✔When the
enzyme and substrate are joined, the catalytic action of the enzyme converts the
substrate to the product (or products) of the reaction.
✔✔What is the active site on an enzyme? - ✔✔Active sites on the enzyme combine with
the substrate and a reaction occurs.
✔✔Denaturation - ✔✔the alteration of a protein shape through some form of external
stress (for example, by applying heat, acid or alkali), in such a way that it can no longer
carry out its cellular function.
✔✔What is ATP? - ✔✔the primary source of energy for a cell
✔✔How do cells get the energy to make ATP? - ✔✔By breaking apart glucose
molecules
✔✔What is aerobic respiration? What are the two stages? How many ATP are
produced? - ✔✔Aerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy involving
oxygen. Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a 2-step process. The first step is
glycolysis, and the second is the citric acid cycle. It produces roughly 36 ATP.
,✔✔What is glycolysis? How does it begin and what is produced at the end? - ✔✔The 6-
carbon sugar glucose is broken down in the cytosol into 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2
pyruvate molecules.
✔✔What is anaerobic respiration? How many ATP are produced? Where in the cell
does it take place? - ✔✔Anaerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular
energy without oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is a relatively fast reaction and produces 2
ATP. Anaerobic reactions occur in the cytoplasm.
✔✔What is the electron transport chain? - ✔✔The electron transport chain passes each
electron along, gradually lowering the electron's energy level and transferring that
energy to ATP synthase
✔✔What are the characteristics of DNA? - ✔✔Double-stranded DNA molecules twist to
form a double helix consisting of "sugar-phosphate rails" and bases pair to form the
"rungs."
✔✔What are the 4 types the DNA molecule base can be? - ✔✔(A) adenine
(T) thymine
(C) cytosine
(G) guanine
✔✔What are the complementary base pairs for DNA? - ✔✔A T
CG
✔✔Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) - ✔✔Single-stranded molecules, their nucleotides have
ribose rather than deoxyribose sugar, and uracil rather than thymine. Functions in
protein synthesis.
✔✔Nucleotides - ✔✔Building blocks of nucleic acid; consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a
phosphate group, and one of several nitrogenous bases
✔✔What are the 4 types the RNA molecule base can be? - ✔✔A) adenine
(T) uracil
(C) cytosine
(G) guanine
✔✔How is RNA made? - ✔✔All of the RNA in a cell is made by DNA transcription, a
process catalyzed by a class of enzymes called RNA polymerases.
✔✔List the steps of protein synthesis. - ✔✔During protein synthesis tRNA molecules
bring the appropriate amino acids to align against an mRNA molecule temporarily held
on a ribosome. The aligned amino acids join and the polypeptide that grows folds.
, ✔✔Transcription - ✔✔the process of copying the information encoded in DNA to
produce RNA
✔✔Translation - ✔✔The process of translating the series of codons of mRNA from the
language of nucleic acids to the language of amino acids.
✔✔codons - ✔✔set of three nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule corresponding
to one of the 20 types of amino acids
✔✔How does DNA replicate? - ✔✔During interphase, hydrogen bonds break between
the base pairs.
The strands unwind and part, and free nucleotides come in and hydrogen bonds form
between the new and the old.
Enzymes catalyze the base pair bonding and the knitting together of the sugar-
phosphate backbone.
✔✔Mutations - ✔✔The rare distinctions in DNA sequence that affect how we look or
feel. Mutations may be spontaneous (due to transient mispairing during DNA
replication) or induced by exposure to certain chemicals or radiation.
✔✔What is a tissue? - ✔✔layers or groups of similar cells with a common function
✔✔What are the four types of tissues in the body? - ✔✔Epithelial, connective, muscle,
and nervous tissues
✔✔What are the general characteristics of epithelial tissue? - ✔✔Covers body surface
and organs, lines body cavities and hollow organs, composes glands, lacks blood
vessels, cells readily divide, and cells are tightly packed; they function in protection,
secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensory
reception.
✔✔How are most epithelial tissues named? - ✔✔Epithelial tissues are classified
according to cell shape and number of cell layers
✔✔What is glandular epithelium? - ✔✔a single cell or a mass of cells; produces and
secretes substances into ducts or into body fluids
✔✔Simple Squamous Epithelium - ✔✔single layer of thin, flattened cells; it functions in
the exchange of gases in the lungs and lines blood and lymph vessels as well as body
cavities
✔✔Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - ✔✔single layer of cube-shaped cells with
