STUDY QUIZ 2:
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
1. What is the primary focus of the germinal stage of prenatal development?
• The Germinal Period (Weeks 1-2)
o The fertilized egg forms a zygote as a one-cell structure
o The genetic makeup and sex of the baby are set
o During the first week, the zygote divides and multiplies through process of mitosis for about 7-
10 days and has 150 cells then implants into the uterine lining
• Cells divide rapidly and zygote attaches to uterine wall.
2. Which factor is NOT a teratogen?
• Teratogens are factors that can contribute to birth defects which include some maternal diseases,
drugs, alcohol, and stress as well as environmental and occupational exposures
• Teratogen is an environmental agent such as drug, chemical, virus or other factors that produces a
birth defect
3. Which prenatal test involves sampling the amniotic fluid?
• Amniocentesis is done between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy, this procedure examines a
sample of the amniotic fluid, which contains fetal cells. It allows the analysis of the fetal cells that
can identify a variety of genetic defects & also sex of the child can be determined.
4. What vitamin is crucial for preventing neural tube defects during pregnancy?
• Folic acid (vitamin B9) is essential for the development of the neural tube, which later forms the
brain and spinal cord. A deficiency in folic acid during early pregnancy can lead to neural tube
defects like spina bifida and anencephaly. It is recommended that women of childbearing age
take a daily supplement of folic acid (usually 400 micrograms) and continue through at least the first
trimester of pregnancy. Many prenatal vitamins contain the recommended amount of folic acid.
5. At what stage of prenatal development do organ systems begin to form?
• Embryonic Stage (2 to 8 weeks); firmly secured to the wall of the mother’s uterus. it is the
development of the major organs and basic anatomy.
• By the end of the embryonic stage, the basic structures of all major organs and systems are in place
• Major organs and body systems grow
, INFANCY
6. What is the typical weight of a newborn at birth?
• Normal weight range: 5lbs 8 oz to 8lbs 13oz
7. At what age does a child's weight typically quadruple from birth?
• by age of 2, weight has quadrupled
8. What is transient exuberance in brain development?
• Transient exuberance is period of prolific dendritic connections
• Transient exuberance is a period of rapid and temporary growth in the number of dendrites, or
connections between neurons, in an infant's brain during the first two years of life.
• This process is considered exuberant because of its speed, and transient because some of the
growth is temporary.
• By age two, a single neuron can have thousands of dendrites.
9. Which reflex is essential for a newborn's survival?
• Rooting reflex, breathing, sucking reflex
10. What is the primary focus of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
• The infant learns about the world through their senses and through their actions (moving around and
exploring their environment).
• Object Permanence: knowledge something exists when out of sight
• Schemas: mental representation used to understand the world
o Assimilation – modification of new information to fit into our existing schemas
o Accommodation – reorganizing what we know to fit new information
• During the sensorimotor stage, a range of cognitive abilities develop. These include: object
permanence; self-recognition (the child realizes that other people are separate from them);
deferred imitation; and representational play.
• They relate to the emergence of the general symbolic function, which is the capacity to represent
the world mentally
11. Which attachment style is characterized by a child using the parent as a secure base for exploration?
• Secure attachment. Children who have a 'secure' attachment are generally able to be comforted by
their caregivers when distressed and to use their caregiver as what is known as a 'secure base' from
which to explore their environment when they are not distressed.
• Children who have secure attachment pattern use the mother as the type of home base that Bowlby
described. These children seem at ease in the strange situation as long as their mothers are present.
• May explore independently, returning to her occasionally.
12. At what age do children typically develop self-awareness?
• Around 18 to 24 months.
• Self-Awareness Test:
o Mirror Test: A child is placed in front of a mirror with a mark on their face. If the child touches the
mark on their own face rather than the mirror, it indicates self-recognition.
o Significance: This milestone is an important step in the development of self- concept and
individuality.
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
1. What is the primary focus of the germinal stage of prenatal development?
• The Germinal Period (Weeks 1-2)
o The fertilized egg forms a zygote as a one-cell structure
o The genetic makeup and sex of the baby are set
o During the first week, the zygote divides and multiplies through process of mitosis for about 7-
10 days and has 150 cells then implants into the uterine lining
• Cells divide rapidly and zygote attaches to uterine wall.
2. Which factor is NOT a teratogen?
• Teratogens are factors that can contribute to birth defects which include some maternal diseases,
drugs, alcohol, and stress as well as environmental and occupational exposures
• Teratogen is an environmental agent such as drug, chemical, virus or other factors that produces a
birth defect
3. Which prenatal test involves sampling the amniotic fluid?
• Amniocentesis is done between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy, this procedure examines a
sample of the amniotic fluid, which contains fetal cells. It allows the analysis of the fetal cells that
can identify a variety of genetic defects & also sex of the child can be determined.
4. What vitamin is crucial for preventing neural tube defects during pregnancy?
• Folic acid (vitamin B9) is essential for the development of the neural tube, which later forms the
brain and spinal cord. A deficiency in folic acid during early pregnancy can lead to neural tube
defects like spina bifida and anencephaly. It is recommended that women of childbearing age
take a daily supplement of folic acid (usually 400 micrograms) and continue through at least the first
trimester of pregnancy. Many prenatal vitamins contain the recommended amount of folic acid.
5. At what stage of prenatal development do organ systems begin to form?
• Embryonic Stage (2 to 8 weeks); firmly secured to the wall of the mother’s uterus. it is the
development of the major organs and basic anatomy.
• By the end of the embryonic stage, the basic structures of all major organs and systems are in place
• Major organs and body systems grow
, INFANCY
6. What is the typical weight of a newborn at birth?
• Normal weight range: 5lbs 8 oz to 8lbs 13oz
7. At what age does a child's weight typically quadruple from birth?
• by age of 2, weight has quadrupled
8. What is transient exuberance in brain development?
• Transient exuberance is period of prolific dendritic connections
• Transient exuberance is a period of rapid and temporary growth in the number of dendrites, or
connections between neurons, in an infant's brain during the first two years of life.
• This process is considered exuberant because of its speed, and transient because some of the
growth is temporary.
• By age two, a single neuron can have thousands of dendrites.
9. Which reflex is essential for a newborn's survival?
• Rooting reflex, breathing, sucking reflex
10. What is the primary focus of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
• The infant learns about the world through their senses and through their actions (moving around and
exploring their environment).
• Object Permanence: knowledge something exists when out of sight
• Schemas: mental representation used to understand the world
o Assimilation – modification of new information to fit into our existing schemas
o Accommodation – reorganizing what we know to fit new information
• During the sensorimotor stage, a range of cognitive abilities develop. These include: object
permanence; self-recognition (the child realizes that other people are separate from them);
deferred imitation; and representational play.
• They relate to the emergence of the general symbolic function, which is the capacity to represent
the world mentally
11. Which attachment style is characterized by a child using the parent as a secure base for exploration?
• Secure attachment. Children who have a 'secure' attachment are generally able to be comforted by
their caregivers when distressed and to use their caregiver as what is known as a 'secure base' from
which to explore their environment when they are not distressed.
• Children who have secure attachment pattern use the mother as the type of home base that Bowlby
described. These children seem at ease in the strange situation as long as their mothers are present.
• May explore independently, returning to her occasionally.
12. At what age do children typically develop self-awareness?
• Around 18 to 24 months.
• Self-Awareness Test:
o Mirror Test: A child is placed in front of a mirror with a mark on their face. If the child touches the
mark on their own face rather than the mirror, it indicates self-recognition.
o Significance: This milestone is an important step in the development of self- concept and
individuality.
