NUR 641E MIDTERM EXAM AND STUDY GUIDE (GCU) NEWEST
2026 TEST BANK| NUR641E ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
AND PHARMACOLOGY FOR NURSE EDUCATORS MIDTERM
EXAM REVIEW WITH COMPLETE REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED A+
1. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular
hypertrophy. The primary pathophysiologic mechanism is:
A. Increased preload causing ventricular dilation
B. Increased afterload leading to myocardial muscle thickening
C. Decreased myocardial oxygen demand
D. Reduced sympathetic stimulation
Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic hypertension increases afterload, forcing the left
ventricle to work harder and resulting in compensatory hypertrophy.
2. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause peaked T waves
on an ECG?
A. Hypocalcemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hyperkalemia
pg. 1
,D. Hypernatremia
Answer: C
Rationale: Hyperkalemia alters cardiac conduction and classically
produces peaked T waves.
3. Angiotensin II contributes to hypertension by:
A. Causing vasodilation
B. Decreasing aldosterone secretion
C. Promoting vasoconstriction and sodium retention
D. Increasing potassium excretion only
Answer: C
Rationale: Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates
aldosterone release, increasing blood pressure.
4. Which medication class directly inhibits the conversion of angiotensin
I to angiotensin II?
A. Beta blockers
pg. 2
,B. ACE inhibitors
C. Calcium channel blockers
D. Diuretics
Answer: B
Rationale: ACE inhibitors block angiotensin-converting enzyme,
reducing angiotensin II production.
5. A patient taking lisinopril develops a persistent dry cough. The most
likely cause is:
A. Sodium retention
B. Bradykinin accumulation
C. Hyperglycemia
D. Histamine release
Answer: B
Rationale: ACE inhibitors increase bradykinin levels, causing a dry cough
in some patients.
6. The hallmark pathophysiologic feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus is:
pg. 3
, A. Complete absence of insulin production
B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
C. Insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency
D. Excess glucagon suppression
Answer: C
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and
progressive beta-cell dysfunction.
7. Metformin lowers blood glucose primarily by:
A. Increasing pancreatic insulin secretion
B. Decreasing hepatic glucose production
C. Stimulating glucagon release
D. Blocking insulin receptors
Answer: B
Rationale: Metformin suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis and
improves insulin sensitivity.
pg. 4
2026 TEST BANK| NUR641E ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
AND PHARMACOLOGY FOR NURSE EDUCATORS MIDTERM
EXAM REVIEW WITH COMPLETE REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED A+
1. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular
hypertrophy. The primary pathophysiologic mechanism is:
A. Increased preload causing ventricular dilation
B. Increased afterload leading to myocardial muscle thickening
C. Decreased myocardial oxygen demand
D. Reduced sympathetic stimulation
Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic hypertension increases afterload, forcing the left
ventricle to work harder and resulting in compensatory hypertrophy.
2. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause peaked T waves
on an ECG?
A. Hypocalcemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hyperkalemia
pg. 1
,D. Hypernatremia
Answer: C
Rationale: Hyperkalemia alters cardiac conduction and classically
produces peaked T waves.
3. Angiotensin II contributes to hypertension by:
A. Causing vasodilation
B. Decreasing aldosterone secretion
C. Promoting vasoconstriction and sodium retention
D. Increasing potassium excretion only
Answer: C
Rationale: Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates
aldosterone release, increasing blood pressure.
4. Which medication class directly inhibits the conversion of angiotensin
I to angiotensin II?
A. Beta blockers
pg. 2
,B. ACE inhibitors
C. Calcium channel blockers
D. Diuretics
Answer: B
Rationale: ACE inhibitors block angiotensin-converting enzyme,
reducing angiotensin II production.
5. A patient taking lisinopril develops a persistent dry cough. The most
likely cause is:
A. Sodium retention
B. Bradykinin accumulation
C. Hyperglycemia
D. Histamine release
Answer: B
Rationale: ACE inhibitors increase bradykinin levels, causing a dry cough
in some patients.
6. The hallmark pathophysiologic feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus is:
pg. 3
, A. Complete absence of insulin production
B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
C. Insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency
D. Excess glucagon suppression
Answer: C
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and
progressive beta-cell dysfunction.
7. Metformin lowers blood glucose primarily by:
A. Increasing pancreatic insulin secretion
B. Decreasing hepatic glucose production
C. Stimulating glucagon release
D. Blocking insulin receptors
Answer: B
Rationale: Metformin suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis and
improves insulin sensitivity.
pg. 4
