NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology
Final Exam – Comprehensive Study
Guide with Practice Questions &
Rationales
Exam Overview
The NR507 Final Exam consists of 100 multiple-choice questions and is
comprehensive, covering advanced pathophysiology content from Weeks 1-8 . The final
exam emphasizes:
• Weeks 1-4: COPD, Asthma, Hypersensitivity reactions, Restrictive vs.
Obstructive disorders, Heart failure, Lab markers for Anemia, Anemias, Iron
deficiency anemia, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Heart valve disorders
• Weeks 5-8: Gastrointestinal pathologies, Neurobiological pathologies,
Endocrine pathologies, CNS sensory and motor pathologies, Brain
pathologies, Dermatologic pathologies
SECTION 1: RENAL & URINARY SYSTEM
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (Questions 1–20)
1. A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a GFR of 25 mL/min. Which
stage of CKD is this?
A) Stage 2
B) Stage 3
,C) Stage 4
D) Stage 5
Answer: C
Rationale: Stage 4 CKD is defined by a GFR of 15–29 mL/min. Stage 5 is <15 mL/min.
Stage 3 is 30–59 mL/min, and Stage 2 is 60–89 mL/min .
2. Which electrolyte imbalance is most concerning in acute kidney injury (AKI) due
to rhabdomyolysis?
A) Hypernatremia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hypocalcemia
D) Hypermagnesemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Rhabdomyolysis releases intracellular potassium and myoglobin, leading to
life-threatening hyperkalemia. This can cause cardiac arrhythmias and requires emergent
management .
3. A patient with cystitis has a urinalysis that shows WBCs, hematuria, and no
casts. This indicates:
A) Pyelonephritis
B) Uncomplicated lower UTI
,C) Renal calculi
D) Glomerulonephritis
Answer: B
Rationale: Cystitis (lower UTI) is uncomplicated, responds well to antibiotics, and is
mostly caused by E. coli. No casts are present in urinalysis. Upper UTIs (pyelonephritis)
present with WBC casts .
4. Classic triad of pyelonephritis includes:
A) Fever, flank pain, vomiting
B) Dysuria, frequency, urgency
C) Hematuria, proteinuria, edema
D) Hypertension, headache, nausea
Answer: A
Rationale: Pyelonephritis (upper UTI) presents with the classic triad of vomiting, flank
pain, and fever. It is considered complicated and may require IV antibiotics. WBC casts
are present in urinalysis .
5. What is the most common type of kidney stone?
A) Struvite
B) Calcium oxalate
C) Uric acid
D) Cystine
, Answer: B
Rationale: Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of kidney stone. They are
often associated with hypercalciuria and are treated with thiazide diuretics to promote
calcium excretion .
6. The most common site of renal calculi obstruction is:
A) Renal pelvis
B) Ureterovesicular junction
C) Proximal ureter
D) Urethra
Answer: B
Rationale: The ureterovesicular junction (UVJ) is the most common site for renal calculi
obstruction due to its narrow caliber .
7. What is the gold standard diagnostic test for renal calculi?
A) KUB X-ray
B) Ultrasound
C) CT scan without contrast
D) IV pyelogram
Answer: C
Rationale: Non-contrast CT scan is the gold standard for diagnosing renal calculi as it
can visualize all stone types .
Final Exam – Comprehensive Study
Guide with Practice Questions &
Rationales
Exam Overview
The NR507 Final Exam consists of 100 multiple-choice questions and is
comprehensive, covering advanced pathophysiology content from Weeks 1-8 . The final
exam emphasizes:
• Weeks 1-4: COPD, Asthma, Hypersensitivity reactions, Restrictive vs.
Obstructive disorders, Heart failure, Lab markers for Anemia, Anemias, Iron
deficiency anemia, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Heart valve disorders
• Weeks 5-8: Gastrointestinal pathologies, Neurobiological pathologies,
Endocrine pathologies, CNS sensory and motor pathologies, Brain
pathologies, Dermatologic pathologies
SECTION 1: RENAL & URINARY SYSTEM
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (Questions 1–20)
1. A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a GFR of 25 mL/min. Which
stage of CKD is this?
A) Stage 2
B) Stage 3
,C) Stage 4
D) Stage 5
Answer: C
Rationale: Stage 4 CKD is defined by a GFR of 15–29 mL/min. Stage 5 is <15 mL/min.
Stage 3 is 30–59 mL/min, and Stage 2 is 60–89 mL/min .
2. Which electrolyte imbalance is most concerning in acute kidney injury (AKI) due
to rhabdomyolysis?
A) Hypernatremia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hypocalcemia
D) Hypermagnesemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Rhabdomyolysis releases intracellular potassium and myoglobin, leading to
life-threatening hyperkalemia. This can cause cardiac arrhythmias and requires emergent
management .
3. A patient with cystitis has a urinalysis that shows WBCs, hematuria, and no
casts. This indicates:
A) Pyelonephritis
B) Uncomplicated lower UTI
,C) Renal calculi
D) Glomerulonephritis
Answer: B
Rationale: Cystitis (lower UTI) is uncomplicated, responds well to antibiotics, and is
mostly caused by E. coli. No casts are present in urinalysis. Upper UTIs (pyelonephritis)
present with WBC casts .
4. Classic triad of pyelonephritis includes:
A) Fever, flank pain, vomiting
B) Dysuria, frequency, urgency
C) Hematuria, proteinuria, edema
D) Hypertension, headache, nausea
Answer: A
Rationale: Pyelonephritis (upper UTI) presents with the classic triad of vomiting, flank
pain, and fever. It is considered complicated and may require IV antibiotics. WBC casts
are present in urinalysis .
5. What is the most common type of kidney stone?
A) Struvite
B) Calcium oxalate
C) Uric acid
D) Cystine
, Answer: B
Rationale: Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of kidney stone. They are
often associated with hypercalciuria and are treated with thiazide diuretics to promote
calcium excretion .
6. The most common site of renal calculi obstruction is:
A) Renal pelvis
B) Ureterovesicular junction
C) Proximal ureter
D) Urethra
Answer: B
Rationale: The ureterovesicular junction (UVJ) is the most common site for renal calculi
obstruction due to its narrow caliber .
7. What is the gold standard diagnostic test for renal calculi?
A) KUB X-ray
B) Ultrasound
C) CT scan without contrast
D) IV pyelogram
Answer: C
Rationale: Non-contrast CT scan is the gold standard for diagnosing renal calculi as it
can visualize all stone types .
