Pathophysiology Exam 1- ETSU Nursing
VERSION 1 AND PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS| CURRENTLY TESTING
Mutation - Answer--Any inherited alteration of genetic material.
DNA - Answer--Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all
living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic
information.
What is DNA composed of? - Answer--It is a double helix model- The ladders are
composed of deoxyribose and phosphate while the rungs are 4 types of nitrogenous
bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine)
Complementary base pairing - Answer--In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs with C; This
is the key to accurate replication
In RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C
DNA and Coding - Answer--DNA directs the synthesis or production of all the body's
proteins
Proteins - Answer--Composed of one or more polypeptides that consist of
sequences of amino acids
Amino acids - Answer--Building blocks of proteins; the body contains 20 different
types
Codons - Answer--Every 3 nitrogenous bases is a codon that codes for one amino
acid
Chromosomes - Answer--Contains genes which are comprised of DNA and are the
basic units of inheritance
Genes - Answer--Composed of DNA sequences and are the blueprints of proteins in
the body genes influence all aspects of body structure and function. Genes are found
in chromosomes.
DNA -> GENES -> CHROMOSOMES -> NUCLEUS - Answer--Genes are made of of
DNA. Genes are the functional regions of DNA. Together they make chromosomes.
Chromosomes are housed in a cell's nucleus.
, DNA polymerase - Answer--Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual
nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule. Enhances the accuracy of DNA replication
and prevents mutations.
Mutagens - Answer--Increase frequency of mutations.
Examples: radiation, chemicals, smoke, alcohol
Spontaneous mutation - Answer--A mutation that occurs without exposure to a
mutagen
How many chromosomes can be found in each human cell? - Answer--46
chromosomes, 23 pairs (23 from Mom & 23 from Dad) in Somatic Cells and 23
chromosomes in Gametes
How can human cells be categorized? - Answer--Somatic Cells & Gametes
Somatic Cells - Answer--All cells of the body except gametes (sex cells). Their
nucleus contains 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs. They are considered diploid, Mother
and Father donate one chromosome per pair.
Gametes - Answer--Sex cells (Sperm and Egg Cells)- Only 23 chromosomes,
making them haploid.
Autosomes - Answer--The first 22 out of 23 pairs of chromosomes, virtually identical
and homologous
Sex Chromosomes - Answer--The 23rd pair of chromosomes-
Females are homologous (XX)
Males are non-homologous (XY)
Karyotype - Answer--Ordered display of chromosomes, largest to smallest- X is
larger than Y on 23rd pair
Chromosomal Aberrations - Answer--Leading cause of intellectual disability and
miscarriage
Euploid - Answer--Normal number of chromosomes within a cell (46)
Aneuploidy - Answer--Abnormal number of chromosomes, can be missing or have
an extra
Diploid - Answer--(2n) Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from
each parent (autosomes & somatic cells)
VERSION 1 AND PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS| CURRENTLY TESTING
Mutation - Answer--Any inherited alteration of genetic material.
DNA - Answer--Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all
living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic
information.
What is DNA composed of? - Answer--It is a double helix model- The ladders are
composed of deoxyribose and phosphate while the rungs are 4 types of nitrogenous
bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine)
Complementary base pairing - Answer--In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs with C; This
is the key to accurate replication
In RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C
DNA and Coding - Answer--DNA directs the synthesis or production of all the body's
proteins
Proteins - Answer--Composed of one or more polypeptides that consist of
sequences of amino acids
Amino acids - Answer--Building blocks of proteins; the body contains 20 different
types
Codons - Answer--Every 3 nitrogenous bases is a codon that codes for one amino
acid
Chromosomes - Answer--Contains genes which are comprised of DNA and are the
basic units of inheritance
Genes - Answer--Composed of DNA sequences and are the blueprints of proteins in
the body genes influence all aspects of body structure and function. Genes are found
in chromosomes.
DNA -> GENES -> CHROMOSOMES -> NUCLEUS - Answer--Genes are made of of
DNA. Genes are the functional regions of DNA. Together they make chromosomes.
Chromosomes are housed in a cell's nucleus.
, DNA polymerase - Answer--Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual
nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule. Enhances the accuracy of DNA replication
and prevents mutations.
Mutagens - Answer--Increase frequency of mutations.
Examples: radiation, chemicals, smoke, alcohol
Spontaneous mutation - Answer--A mutation that occurs without exposure to a
mutagen
How many chromosomes can be found in each human cell? - Answer--46
chromosomes, 23 pairs (23 from Mom & 23 from Dad) in Somatic Cells and 23
chromosomes in Gametes
How can human cells be categorized? - Answer--Somatic Cells & Gametes
Somatic Cells - Answer--All cells of the body except gametes (sex cells). Their
nucleus contains 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs. They are considered diploid, Mother
and Father donate one chromosome per pair.
Gametes - Answer--Sex cells (Sperm and Egg Cells)- Only 23 chromosomes,
making them haploid.
Autosomes - Answer--The first 22 out of 23 pairs of chromosomes, virtually identical
and homologous
Sex Chromosomes - Answer--The 23rd pair of chromosomes-
Females are homologous (XX)
Males are non-homologous (XY)
Karyotype - Answer--Ordered display of chromosomes, largest to smallest- X is
larger than Y on 23rd pair
Chromosomal Aberrations - Answer--Leading cause of intellectual disability and
miscarriage
Euploid - Answer--Normal number of chromosomes within a cell (46)
Aneuploidy - Answer--Abnormal number of chromosomes, can be missing or have
an extra
Diploid - Answer--(2n) Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from
each parent (autosomes & somatic cells)
