Ontwikkelingspsychologie I
Inhoudsopgave
1/ H1: Geschiedenis, theorie en onderzoeksstrategieën ...................................................................................................8
Ontwikkelingspsychologie ................................................................................................................................... 8
Basic issues ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
Levensloopperspectief (lifespan perspective): gebalanceerd gezichtspunt ........................................................ 9
Dynamische systeembenadering (Dynamic systems approach) ..................................................................... 9
Wetenschappelijke beginsels in ontwikkelingspsychologie .............................................................................. 12
Wetenschappelijke voorvaders (vanaf einde 19e eeuw en begin 20e eeuw (rond 1950))............................. 12
Midden 20e eeuw- theorieën (1950) ............................................................................................................. 13
Recente theoretische perspectieven................................................................................................................. 19
Informatieverwerkingstheorie ...................................................................................................................... 19
Ethologie en evolutionaire psychologie ........................................................................................................ 20
Socioculturele theorie van Vygotsky ............................................................................................................. 21
Ecologisch systeemtheorie van Bronfenbrenner .......................................................................................... 21
Vergelijken en evalueren van theorieën ........................................................................................................... 23
Wetenschappelijk onderzoek ............................................................................................................................ 25
Onderzoeksmethoden ................................................................................................................................... 25
Algemene onderzoeksdesigns ....................................................................................................................... 28
Ontwikkelingspsychologische onderzoeksdesign .......................................................................................... 29
Combinatie experimenteel en ontwikkelingsopzet ....................................................................................... 31
Ethiek in levenslooponderzoek ......................................................................................................................... 32
H3: Prenatale ontwikkeling, geboorte en de pasgeboren baby ....................................................................................... 33
Prenatale ontwikkeling ...................................................................................................................................... 33
De bevruchting .............................................................................................................................................. 33
De periode van Kiem (2w) ............................................................................................................................. 34
De periode van Embryo ................................................................................................................................. 35
De periode van Foetus................................................................................................................................... 35
Prenatale omgevingsinvloeden ......................................................................................................................... 37
Teratogenen .................................................................................................................................................. 37
Andere factoren van de moeder ................................................................................................................... 42
Belang van prenatale verzorging ................................................................................................................... 43
De geboorte....................................................................................................................................................... 44
1
, Drie stadia van geboorte ............................................................................................................................... 44
Baby en omgang met geboorte ..................................................................................................................... 45
De Apgar-schaal ............................................................................................................................................. 45
Benaderingen van bevalling .............................................................................................................................. 45
Medische ingrepen bij bevalling ........................................................................................................................ 46
Geboortecomplicaties ................................................................................................................................... 46
Foetale ‘monitor’ ........................................................................................................................................... 46
Arbeid en bevallingsmedicatie ...................................................................................................................... 46
Keizersnede (‘cesarean delivery’) .................................................................................................................. 46
Prematuren ....................................................................................................................................................... 47
Prematuren vs. Low-birth-weight infants...................................................................................................... 47
Interventies voor vroeggeborenen................................................................................................................ 47
De capaciteiten van de pasgeborene ................................................................................................................ 48
Reflexen vd pasgeborene .............................................................................................................................. 48
‘States of arousal’ ......................................................................................................................................... 50
Zintuiglijke capaciteiten................................................................................................................................. 51
Evaluatie vd pasgeborene ............................................................................................................................. 52
Aanpassing aan veranderend gezin: hormonale veranderingen ....................................................................... 53
H5: Fysieke & Cognitieve ontwikkeling bij baby’s en peuters (0-2j)................................................................................. 54
De cognitieve ontwikkelingstheorie van Piaget (EXAMEN) ............................................................................... 54
De ideeën van Piaget over cognitieve verandering ....................................................................................... 54
Het sensorimotorisch stadium (geboorte -2j) ............................................................................................... 55
Later onderzoek (na Piaget) .......................................................................................................................... 57
Evaluatie van het sensorimotorisch stadium ................................................................................................ 60
Informatieverwerking (alternatief voor theorie van Piaget) ............................................................................ 61
Structuur van het informatieverwerkingssysteem ........................................................................................ 61
Aandacht ....................................................................................................................................................... 62
Geheugen ...................................................................................................................................................... 63
Categorisatie ................................................................................................................................................. 63
Evaluatie vd bevindingen van informatieverwerking (zie H1) ....................................................................... 64
De sociale context van de vroege cognitieve ontwikkeling ............................................................................... 64
Individuele verschillen in mentale vaardigheden .............................................................................................. 65
Intelligentietests bij jonge kinderen (infant tests, babytesten) (bij baby’s en peuters) ................................ 65
Vroege omgeving........................................................................................................................................... 66
Stimuleringsprogramma’s ............................................................................................................................. 66
Ontwikkeling van de taal ................................................................................................................................... 67
2
, Theorieën van taalontwikkeling .................................................................................................................... 67
Voorbereiding op praten ............................................................................................................................... 69
Beginnen praten ............................................................................................................................................ 70
Eerste woordjes/Eén-woord-zin .................................................................................................................... 70
Twee-woorden zin ......................................................................................................................................... 71
Individuele en culturele verschillen in taalontwikkeling ............................................................................... 71
Ondersteunen van vroege taalontwikkeling ................................................................................................. 72
H6: Emotionele en sociale ontwikkeling in de baby- en peutertijd .................................................................................. 73
Theorie van Erikson ........................................................................................................................................... 73
Psychosociale stadia bij baby’s en peuters.................................................................................................... 73
Vertrouwen vs. wantrouwen ......................................................................................................................... 73
Autonomie tegenover schaamte en twijfel ................................................................................................... 73
Emotionele ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................... 74
Ontwikkeling van enkele basisemoties ......................................................................................................... 74
Begrijpen en reageren op emoties van anderen ........................................................................................... 75
Zelfbewuste emoties (2e reeks van emoties) (‘self-conscious emotions’) .................................................... 76
Emotionele zelfregulering ............................................................................................................................ 77
Temperament .................................................................................................................................................... 77
Structuur van temperament .......................................................................................................................... 78
Temperament meten .................................................................................................................................... 79
Stabiliteit van temperament ......................................................................................................................... 79
Genetische invloeden .................................................................................................................................... 79
Omgevingsinvloeden ..................................................................................................................................... 80
Temperament & Opvoeding: ......................................................................................................................... 81
‘Goodness of fit’ model van Thomas & Chess ............................................................................................... 81
Ontwikkeling van gehechtheid .......................................................................................................................... 82
Ethologische theorie van gehechtheid (John Bowlby) .................................................................................. 82
Meten van gehechtheid ................................................................................................................................ 84
Stabiliteit van gehechtheid ............................................................................................................................ 85
Culturele verschillen ...................................................................................................................................... 86
Factoren die invloed hebben op veilige gehechtheid.................................................................................... 86
Meervoudige gehechtheid ............................................................................................................................ 88
Gehechtheid en latere ontwikkeling ............................................................................................................. 89
Zelfbewustzijn gedurende de eerste 2 jaar ....................................................................................................... 90
Zelfbewustzijn ............................................................................................................................................... 90
Zelfcategorisatie ............................................................................................................................................ 91
3
, Zelfcontrole ................................................................................................................................................... 91
H7: Cognitieve ontwikkeling van de kleuter (2-7j) .......................................................................................................... 93
Preoperationele stadium van Piaget ................................................................................................................. 93
Verbeeldingsspel (make-believe play) ........................................................................................................... 93
Relatie symbolen – echte leven..................................................................................................................... 93
Beperkingen van het preoperationele denken.............................................................................................. 94
Later onderzoek over preoperationeel denken............................................................................................. 96
Evaluatie preoperationeel stadium ............................................................................................................... 98
Piaget en educatie ......................................................................................................................................... 98
Vygotsky’s socioculturele theorie en vroege kindertijd .................................................................................... 99
Zone van de naaste ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................. 99
“Private” taal ................................................................................................................................................. 99
Sociale oorsprong van het denken ................................................................................................................ 99
Vygotsky en onderwijs................................................................................................................................. 100
Evaluatie theorie van Vygtosky ................................................................................................................... 100
Informatieverwerking ..................................................................................................................................... 101
Aandacht ..................................................................................................................................................... 101
Geheugen .................................................................................................................................................... 102
‘Theory of mind’.......................................................................................................................................... 104
Vroege vormen van lezen en schrijven = ‘Early Literacy’ ............................................................................ 105
Mathematisch/wiskundig redeneren .......................................................................................................... 106
Individuele verschillen in de mentale ontwikkeling ........................................................................................ 106
Thuisomgeving ............................................................................................................................................ 107
Kwaliteit van de kinderopvang of kleuterschool ......................................................................................... 107
Educationele media ..................................................................................................................................... 109
Taalontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................................. 110
Woordenschat ............................................................................................................................................. 110
Grammatica ................................................................................................................................................. 111
Conversatie.................................................................................................................................................. 111
Ondersteunen van taalontwikkeling ........................................................................................................... 112
H8: Emotionele en sociale ontwikkeling in de kleutertijd (2-6j) .................................................................................... 113
Erikson............................................................................................................................................................. 113
Zichzelf begrijpen ............................................................................................................................................ 113
Emotionele ontwikkeling in de vroege kindertijd............................................................................................ 114
Begrijpen van emoties ................................................................................................................................. 115
Emotionele zelfregulering ........................................................................................................................... 115
4
Inhoudsopgave
1/ H1: Geschiedenis, theorie en onderzoeksstrategieën ...................................................................................................8
Ontwikkelingspsychologie ................................................................................................................................... 8
Basic issues ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
Levensloopperspectief (lifespan perspective): gebalanceerd gezichtspunt ........................................................ 9
Dynamische systeembenadering (Dynamic systems approach) ..................................................................... 9
Wetenschappelijke beginsels in ontwikkelingspsychologie .............................................................................. 12
Wetenschappelijke voorvaders (vanaf einde 19e eeuw en begin 20e eeuw (rond 1950))............................. 12
Midden 20e eeuw- theorieën (1950) ............................................................................................................. 13
Recente theoretische perspectieven................................................................................................................. 19
Informatieverwerkingstheorie ...................................................................................................................... 19
Ethologie en evolutionaire psychologie ........................................................................................................ 20
Socioculturele theorie van Vygotsky ............................................................................................................. 21
Ecologisch systeemtheorie van Bronfenbrenner .......................................................................................... 21
Vergelijken en evalueren van theorieën ........................................................................................................... 23
Wetenschappelijk onderzoek ............................................................................................................................ 25
Onderzoeksmethoden ................................................................................................................................... 25
Algemene onderzoeksdesigns ....................................................................................................................... 28
Ontwikkelingspsychologische onderzoeksdesign .......................................................................................... 29
Combinatie experimenteel en ontwikkelingsopzet ....................................................................................... 31
Ethiek in levenslooponderzoek ......................................................................................................................... 32
H3: Prenatale ontwikkeling, geboorte en de pasgeboren baby ....................................................................................... 33
Prenatale ontwikkeling ...................................................................................................................................... 33
De bevruchting .............................................................................................................................................. 33
De periode van Kiem (2w) ............................................................................................................................. 34
De periode van Embryo ................................................................................................................................. 35
De periode van Foetus................................................................................................................................... 35
Prenatale omgevingsinvloeden ......................................................................................................................... 37
Teratogenen .................................................................................................................................................. 37
Andere factoren van de moeder ................................................................................................................... 42
Belang van prenatale verzorging ................................................................................................................... 43
De geboorte....................................................................................................................................................... 44
1
, Drie stadia van geboorte ............................................................................................................................... 44
Baby en omgang met geboorte ..................................................................................................................... 45
De Apgar-schaal ............................................................................................................................................. 45
Benaderingen van bevalling .............................................................................................................................. 45
Medische ingrepen bij bevalling ........................................................................................................................ 46
Geboortecomplicaties ................................................................................................................................... 46
Foetale ‘monitor’ ........................................................................................................................................... 46
Arbeid en bevallingsmedicatie ...................................................................................................................... 46
Keizersnede (‘cesarean delivery’) .................................................................................................................. 46
Prematuren ....................................................................................................................................................... 47
Prematuren vs. Low-birth-weight infants...................................................................................................... 47
Interventies voor vroeggeborenen................................................................................................................ 47
De capaciteiten van de pasgeborene ................................................................................................................ 48
Reflexen vd pasgeborene .............................................................................................................................. 48
‘States of arousal’ ......................................................................................................................................... 50
Zintuiglijke capaciteiten................................................................................................................................. 51
Evaluatie vd pasgeborene ............................................................................................................................. 52
Aanpassing aan veranderend gezin: hormonale veranderingen ....................................................................... 53
H5: Fysieke & Cognitieve ontwikkeling bij baby’s en peuters (0-2j)................................................................................. 54
De cognitieve ontwikkelingstheorie van Piaget (EXAMEN) ............................................................................... 54
De ideeën van Piaget over cognitieve verandering ....................................................................................... 54
Het sensorimotorisch stadium (geboorte -2j) ............................................................................................... 55
Later onderzoek (na Piaget) .......................................................................................................................... 57
Evaluatie van het sensorimotorisch stadium ................................................................................................ 60
Informatieverwerking (alternatief voor theorie van Piaget) ............................................................................ 61
Structuur van het informatieverwerkingssysteem ........................................................................................ 61
Aandacht ....................................................................................................................................................... 62
Geheugen ...................................................................................................................................................... 63
Categorisatie ................................................................................................................................................. 63
Evaluatie vd bevindingen van informatieverwerking (zie H1) ....................................................................... 64
De sociale context van de vroege cognitieve ontwikkeling ............................................................................... 64
Individuele verschillen in mentale vaardigheden .............................................................................................. 65
Intelligentietests bij jonge kinderen (infant tests, babytesten) (bij baby’s en peuters) ................................ 65
Vroege omgeving........................................................................................................................................... 66
Stimuleringsprogramma’s ............................................................................................................................. 66
Ontwikkeling van de taal ................................................................................................................................... 67
2
, Theorieën van taalontwikkeling .................................................................................................................... 67
Voorbereiding op praten ............................................................................................................................... 69
Beginnen praten ............................................................................................................................................ 70
Eerste woordjes/Eén-woord-zin .................................................................................................................... 70
Twee-woorden zin ......................................................................................................................................... 71
Individuele en culturele verschillen in taalontwikkeling ............................................................................... 71
Ondersteunen van vroege taalontwikkeling ................................................................................................. 72
H6: Emotionele en sociale ontwikkeling in de baby- en peutertijd .................................................................................. 73
Theorie van Erikson ........................................................................................................................................... 73
Psychosociale stadia bij baby’s en peuters.................................................................................................... 73
Vertrouwen vs. wantrouwen ......................................................................................................................... 73
Autonomie tegenover schaamte en twijfel ................................................................................................... 73
Emotionele ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................... 74
Ontwikkeling van enkele basisemoties ......................................................................................................... 74
Begrijpen en reageren op emoties van anderen ........................................................................................... 75
Zelfbewuste emoties (2e reeks van emoties) (‘self-conscious emotions’) .................................................... 76
Emotionele zelfregulering ............................................................................................................................ 77
Temperament .................................................................................................................................................... 77
Structuur van temperament .......................................................................................................................... 78
Temperament meten .................................................................................................................................... 79
Stabiliteit van temperament ......................................................................................................................... 79
Genetische invloeden .................................................................................................................................... 79
Omgevingsinvloeden ..................................................................................................................................... 80
Temperament & Opvoeding: ......................................................................................................................... 81
‘Goodness of fit’ model van Thomas & Chess ............................................................................................... 81
Ontwikkeling van gehechtheid .......................................................................................................................... 82
Ethologische theorie van gehechtheid (John Bowlby) .................................................................................. 82
Meten van gehechtheid ................................................................................................................................ 84
Stabiliteit van gehechtheid ............................................................................................................................ 85
Culturele verschillen ...................................................................................................................................... 86
Factoren die invloed hebben op veilige gehechtheid.................................................................................... 86
Meervoudige gehechtheid ............................................................................................................................ 88
Gehechtheid en latere ontwikkeling ............................................................................................................. 89
Zelfbewustzijn gedurende de eerste 2 jaar ....................................................................................................... 90
Zelfbewustzijn ............................................................................................................................................... 90
Zelfcategorisatie ............................................................................................................................................ 91
3
, Zelfcontrole ................................................................................................................................................... 91
H7: Cognitieve ontwikkeling van de kleuter (2-7j) .......................................................................................................... 93
Preoperationele stadium van Piaget ................................................................................................................. 93
Verbeeldingsspel (make-believe play) ........................................................................................................... 93
Relatie symbolen – echte leven..................................................................................................................... 93
Beperkingen van het preoperationele denken.............................................................................................. 94
Later onderzoek over preoperationeel denken............................................................................................. 96
Evaluatie preoperationeel stadium ............................................................................................................... 98
Piaget en educatie ......................................................................................................................................... 98
Vygotsky’s socioculturele theorie en vroege kindertijd .................................................................................... 99
Zone van de naaste ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................. 99
“Private” taal ................................................................................................................................................. 99
Sociale oorsprong van het denken ................................................................................................................ 99
Vygotsky en onderwijs................................................................................................................................. 100
Evaluatie theorie van Vygtosky ................................................................................................................... 100
Informatieverwerking ..................................................................................................................................... 101
Aandacht ..................................................................................................................................................... 101
Geheugen .................................................................................................................................................... 102
‘Theory of mind’.......................................................................................................................................... 104
Vroege vormen van lezen en schrijven = ‘Early Literacy’ ............................................................................ 105
Mathematisch/wiskundig redeneren .......................................................................................................... 106
Individuele verschillen in de mentale ontwikkeling ........................................................................................ 106
Thuisomgeving ............................................................................................................................................ 107
Kwaliteit van de kinderopvang of kleuterschool ......................................................................................... 107
Educationele media ..................................................................................................................................... 109
Taalontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................................. 110
Woordenschat ............................................................................................................................................. 110
Grammatica ................................................................................................................................................. 111
Conversatie.................................................................................................................................................. 111
Ondersteunen van taalontwikkeling ........................................................................................................... 112
H8: Emotionele en sociale ontwikkeling in de kleutertijd (2-6j) .................................................................................... 113
Erikson............................................................................................................................................................. 113
Zichzelf begrijpen ............................................................................................................................................ 113
Emotionele ontwikkeling in de vroege kindertijd............................................................................................ 114
Begrijpen van emoties ................................................................................................................................. 115
Emotionele zelfregulering ........................................................................................................................... 115
4
