FINAL EXAM REVIEW:
EXAM 1
Comparative Physiology:
The study of functions related to an organism’s structures being compared amongst different species.
Fick’s Law of Diffusion:
J = ([C1-C2]DA)
X
J = Net movement of particles across an area over a set distance.
C = Concentration
D = Concentration Coefficient
A = Surface Area
X = Distance
Specific Dynamic Action:
The increase in metabolic rate caused by food ingestion.
Adaptation:
Physiological mechanism or trait that is a product of evolution by natural selection.
Example: The male species of fireflies emit light flashes to attract mates.
Acclimation:
The chronic response in phenotypic expression due to environmental change (In the lab)
Example: Dog shedding its fur coat in the winter.
August Krogh Principle:
For every well-defined physiological problem, there is an optimally suited animal to yield an answer.
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CELL MEMBRANE THAT ALLOW IT TO ACT AS A BARRIER TO
ION FLUX? EVEN THOUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE ACTS AS A BARRIER TO ION FLUX, IT IS NOT 100%
IMPERMEABLE TO IONS. WHAT ROUTES ARE AVAILABLE FOR ION MOVEMENT ACROSS THE
MEMBRANE? WHAT IS THE DRIVING FORCE FOR EACH ROUTE?
The cell membrane is composed of phospholipid bilayers in which proteins are embedded, allows the
membrane to be semi-permeable and act as a barrier. Pumps and channels allow for sodium and
potassium exchange within the cell via Na/K ATPase.
WHAT INFLUENCES THE FLUIDITY OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT FOR
ECTOTHERMS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES?
This study source was downloaded by 100000817935606 from CourseHero.com on 01-18-2022 03:59:33 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/22446483/BIOL-4505-FINAL-EXAM-REVIEW/
, IF WE LOOK AT THE SCALING OF RESTING METABOLIC RATE FO ENDOTHERMS, IT SCALES WITH BODY
MASS TO THE ______ POWER. THIS MEANS THAT ONE GRAM OF TISSUE FROM A SMALL ENDOTHERM
HAS A _____ RATE OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION THAN ONE GRAM OF TISSUE FROM A LARGER
ENDOTHERM. WHAT IS THE BASIS FOR THIS DIFFERENCE?
EXPLAIN WHY UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS THE RATIO OF PYRUVATE/LACTATE IN A CELL IS MUCH
LESS THAN 1 WHILE UNDER AEROBIC CONDITIONS THE RATIO OF PYRUVATE/LACTATE IS MUCH
GREATER THAN 1? INCLUDE AN EXAMPLE OF AN ANIMAL THAT USES ANAEROBIC METABOLISM
UNDER ANOXIC CONDITIONS TO MAKE ATP.
2,4-DINITROPHENOL (DNP) WAS TOUTED AS A NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT WHICH WAS TO AID IN
WEIGHT LOSS AND WORKS BY UNCOUPLING THE MITOCHONDRIA. THE PROBLEM WITH DNP, IS THAT
INDIVIDUALS TAKING IT WERE OVERHEATING. GIVEN WHAT WE HAVE DISCUSSED IN CLASS, WHAT IS
THE BASIS BEHIND THE OVERHEATING WHEN TAKING DNP?
EXAM 2
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels:
Channel that pumps ions in and out of the membrane.
Hair Cell:
Release neurotransmitter substance onto afferent neurons that conduct action potentials into the CNS
Nernst Equation:
The relation between the concentration difference of a permeating ion across a membrane and the
membrane potential at equilibrium.
E = RT ln Cout
zF Cin
Thermal Neutral Zone:
A temperature range where two metabolic rates are constant in an endotherm. The zone is between the
upper and lower critical temperatures.
Myelin:
Sheathes that cover the axon and increase the diameter of the axon, which leads to rates of action
potentials. Allows for saltatory conduction where action potentials can occur quickly.
Poikilotherm:
An organism that can have varying body temperatures.
This study source was downloaded by 100000817935606 from CourseHero.com on 01-18-2022 03:59:33 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/22446483/BIOL-4505-FINAL-EXAM-REVIEW/
EXAM 1
Comparative Physiology:
The study of functions related to an organism’s structures being compared amongst different species.
Fick’s Law of Diffusion:
J = ([C1-C2]DA)
X
J = Net movement of particles across an area over a set distance.
C = Concentration
D = Concentration Coefficient
A = Surface Area
X = Distance
Specific Dynamic Action:
The increase in metabolic rate caused by food ingestion.
Adaptation:
Physiological mechanism or trait that is a product of evolution by natural selection.
Example: The male species of fireflies emit light flashes to attract mates.
Acclimation:
The chronic response in phenotypic expression due to environmental change (In the lab)
Example: Dog shedding its fur coat in the winter.
August Krogh Principle:
For every well-defined physiological problem, there is an optimally suited animal to yield an answer.
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CELL MEMBRANE THAT ALLOW IT TO ACT AS A BARRIER TO
ION FLUX? EVEN THOUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE ACTS AS A BARRIER TO ION FLUX, IT IS NOT 100%
IMPERMEABLE TO IONS. WHAT ROUTES ARE AVAILABLE FOR ION MOVEMENT ACROSS THE
MEMBRANE? WHAT IS THE DRIVING FORCE FOR EACH ROUTE?
The cell membrane is composed of phospholipid bilayers in which proteins are embedded, allows the
membrane to be semi-permeable and act as a barrier. Pumps and channels allow for sodium and
potassium exchange within the cell via Na/K ATPase.
WHAT INFLUENCES THE FLUIDITY OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT FOR
ECTOTHERMS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES?
This study source was downloaded by 100000817935606 from CourseHero.com on 01-18-2022 03:59:33 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/22446483/BIOL-4505-FINAL-EXAM-REVIEW/
, IF WE LOOK AT THE SCALING OF RESTING METABOLIC RATE FO ENDOTHERMS, IT SCALES WITH BODY
MASS TO THE ______ POWER. THIS MEANS THAT ONE GRAM OF TISSUE FROM A SMALL ENDOTHERM
HAS A _____ RATE OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION THAN ONE GRAM OF TISSUE FROM A LARGER
ENDOTHERM. WHAT IS THE BASIS FOR THIS DIFFERENCE?
EXPLAIN WHY UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS THE RATIO OF PYRUVATE/LACTATE IN A CELL IS MUCH
LESS THAN 1 WHILE UNDER AEROBIC CONDITIONS THE RATIO OF PYRUVATE/LACTATE IS MUCH
GREATER THAN 1? INCLUDE AN EXAMPLE OF AN ANIMAL THAT USES ANAEROBIC METABOLISM
UNDER ANOXIC CONDITIONS TO MAKE ATP.
2,4-DINITROPHENOL (DNP) WAS TOUTED AS A NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT WHICH WAS TO AID IN
WEIGHT LOSS AND WORKS BY UNCOUPLING THE MITOCHONDRIA. THE PROBLEM WITH DNP, IS THAT
INDIVIDUALS TAKING IT WERE OVERHEATING. GIVEN WHAT WE HAVE DISCUSSED IN CLASS, WHAT IS
THE BASIS BEHIND THE OVERHEATING WHEN TAKING DNP?
EXAM 2
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels:
Channel that pumps ions in and out of the membrane.
Hair Cell:
Release neurotransmitter substance onto afferent neurons that conduct action potentials into the CNS
Nernst Equation:
The relation between the concentration difference of a permeating ion across a membrane and the
membrane potential at equilibrium.
E = RT ln Cout
zF Cin
Thermal Neutral Zone:
A temperature range where two metabolic rates are constant in an endotherm. The zone is between the
upper and lower critical temperatures.
Myelin:
Sheathes that cover the axon and increase the diameter of the axon, which leads to rates of action
potentials. Allows for saltatory conduction where action potentials can occur quickly.
Poikilotherm:
An organism that can have varying body temperatures.
This study source was downloaded by 100000817935606 from CourseHero.com on 01-18-2022 03:59:33 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/22446483/BIOL-4505-FINAL-EXAM-REVIEW/
