NUR2063 Exam 3 Focused Review
Ch. 2 Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Adaptive Responses to Stressors
Electrolyte pools- bones act as an electrolyte pool and store calcium magnesium, and phosphate
ions; shift of electrolytes into electrolyte pools will decrease plasma electrolyte concentration
and shift of electrolytes from an electrolyte pool into the extracellular fluid will increase the
plasma electrolyte concentration
Ch. 7 Neoplasia
Metastasis- process by which cancer cells escape their tissue of origin and initiate new colonies
of cancer in distant sites
Ch. 9 Inflammation and Immunity
Passive vs active immunity- Passive: transfer of preformed antibodies against specific antigen
from a protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or nonimmunized individual; types:
mother to fetus: IgG- can cross placenta, mother to infant: IgA- from breast milk, serotherapy-
direct injections of antibodies (human or animal); active: a protected state owing to the body’s
immune response as a result of active infection or immunization, types: immunizations- vaccines
Immunoglobulins- antibodies; two identical light polypeptide chains joined to identical heavy
polypeptide chains by disulfide bonds; five different classes: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, & IgE
Ch. 11 Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)- characterized by malignant granulocytes that carry the
Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+); does not respond well to chemotherapy: poor overall survival
time; Blast stage CML- poor prognosis: 3 to 4 months; treatment- bone marrow transplant
Age of onset for multiple myeloma- median age 65 years
Malignant Disorders of WBCs- may be nonspecific signs & symptoms
Ch. 13 Alterations in Oxygen Transport
Anemia- occurs from a manifestation of diseases; a deficit of RBCs; leads to hypoxia
Polycythemia- excess of RBCs; increases blood viscosity & volume; leads to hypertension
Erythropoietin- is stimulated from the kidney secretion hormone to stimulates RBC production
Acute blood loss- type of anemia; may be from trauma or secondary to a disease process;
symptoms develop with activity at 20% loss of blood volume (tachycardia and postural drop in
BP), and increase in severity with continued blood loss; shock and death can occur with 50% loss
of circulating volume; treatment: blood volume replacement therapy with crystalloids, colloids,
and fresh whole blood; prognosis: excellent with treatment unless blood loss is severe
Ch. 14 Alterations in Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation
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, Thrombocytopenia causes- 1) bone marrow suppression from chemotherapy, 2) recent
immunizations, 3) alcohol ingestion, 4) decreased platelet production, 5) decreased platelet
survival, 6) splenic sequestration, & 7) intravascular dilution of circulating platelets from
transfusion
DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)- acquired hemorrhagic syndrome in which
clotting, and bleeding occur simultaneously. Widespread clot formation in small vessels; clotting
and platelets consumed resulting in bleeding. Causes: trauma, malignancy, burns, shock, and
abruptio placentae. Clinical manifestations: fibrinogen level and platelet count decreased,
increased bleeding time, elevated PT/INR/aPTT, elevated D-dimer/fibrin split products.
Treatment: Removal/correction of underlying cause, support major organs, fresh frozen plasma,
packed red blood cells, platelets, or cryoprecipitate, heparin used to minimize further
consumption of clotting factors (controversial).
Ch. 15 Alterations in Blood Flow
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of coronary artery/heart disease
Ch. 16 Alterations in Blood Pressure
Treatment of hypertension- (lifestyle modifications) weight loss, exercise, DASH diet, alcohol
moderation, decreased sodium intake; drug therapy affects HR, SVR, and/or stroke volume
Long term problems from hypertension- Renal failure, stroke, heart disease, Damage to arterial
system and acceleration of atherosclerosis lead to cardiovascular disease, Increased myocardial
work results in heart failure, Glomerular damage results in kidney failure, Affects
microcirculation of the eyes, Increased pressure in cerebral vasculature can result in hemorrhage
Modifiable vs nonmodifiable risk factors for hypertension- modifiable: dietary factors,
sedentary lifestyle, obesity/weight gain, metabolic syndrome, elevated blood glucose
levels/diabetes, elevated total cholesterol, alcohol & smoking; nonmodifiable: family history,
age, ethnicity/genetics
Ch. 18 Alterations in Cardiac Function
Coronary artery disease: characterized by insufficient delivery of oxygenated blood to the
myocardium caused by atherosclerotic coronary arteries; known risk factor: atherosclerosis
How to determine causes of acute coronary syndrome: associated with acute changes in plaque
morphology and thrombosis; evidence of acute ischemia on ECG- STEMI-candidates for acute
reperfusion therapy; no ST elevation on ECG- non-STEMI- candidates for antiplatelet drugs;
treatment: reperfusion
diagnosis and prognosis: diagnosis: Signs and symptoms, Electrocardiographic changes,
Elevations of specific marker proteins in the blood, Severe crushing, excruciating chest pain that
may radiate to the arm, shoulder, jaw, or back, Accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis
(sweating), shortness of breath, prognosis: difficult to determine b/c of many different factors;
After 18 to 24 hours: area of infarction becomes paler than surrounding tissues, 5 to 7 days:
turns yellowish and soft with a rim of red vascular connective tissue, At 1 to 2 weeks: necrotic
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Ch. 2 Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Adaptive Responses to Stressors
Electrolyte pools- bones act as an electrolyte pool and store calcium magnesium, and phosphate
ions; shift of electrolytes into electrolyte pools will decrease plasma electrolyte concentration
and shift of electrolytes from an electrolyte pool into the extracellular fluid will increase the
plasma electrolyte concentration
Ch. 7 Neoplasia
Metastasis- process by which cancer cells escape their tissue of origin and initiate new colonies
of cancer in distant sites
Ch. 9 Inflammation and Immunity
Passive vs active immunity- Passive: transfer of preformed antibodies against specific antigen
from a protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or nonimmunized individual; types:
mother to fetus: IgG- can cross placenta, mother to infant: IgA- from breast milk, serotherapy-
direct injections of antibodies (human or animal); active: a protected state owing to the body’s
immune response as a result of active infection or immunization, types: immunizations- vaccines
Immunoglobulins- antibodies; two identical light polypeptide chains joined to identical heavy
polypeptide chains by disulfide bonds; five different classes: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, & IgE
Ch. 11 Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)- characterized by malignant granulocytes that carry the
Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+); does not respond well to chemotherapy: poor overall survival
time; Blast stage CML- poor prognosis: 3 to 4 months; treatment- bone marrow transplant
Age of onset for multiple myeloma- median age 65 years
Malignant Disorders of WBCs- may be nonspecific signs & symptoms
Ch. 13 Alterations in Oxygen Transport
Anemia- occurs from a manifestation of diseases; a deficit of RBCs; leads to hypoxia
Polycythemia- excess of RBCs; increases blood viscosity & volume; leads to hypertension
Erythropoietin- is stimulated from the kidney secretion hormone to stimulates RBC production
Acute blood loss- type of anemia; may be from trauma or secondary to a disease process;
symptoms develop with activity at 20% loss of blood volume (tachycardia and postural drop in
BP), and increase in severity with continued blood loss; shock and death can occur with 50% loss
of circulating volume; treatment: blood volume replacement therapy with crystalloids, colloids,
and fresh whole blood; prognosis: excellent with treatment unless blood loss is severe
Ch. 14 Alterations in Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation
This study source was downloaded by 100000817935606 from CourseHero.com on 06-09-2022 13:57:04 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/46425461/NUR2063-Exam-3-Focused-Review-docx/
, Thrombocytopenia causes- 1) bone marrow suppression from chemotherapy, 2) recent
immunizations, 3) alcohol ingestion, 4) decreased platelet production, 5) decreased platelet
survival, 6) splenic sequestration, & 7) intravascular dilution of circulating platelets from
transfusion
DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)- acquired hemorrhagic syndrome in which
clotting, and bleeding occur simultaneously. Widespread clot formation in small vessels; clotting
and platelets consumed resulting in bleeding. Causes: trauma, malignancy, burns, shock, and
abruptio placentae. Clinical manifestations: fibrinogen level and platelet count decreased,
increased bleeding time, elevated PT/INR/aPTT, elevated D-dimer/fibrin split products.
Treatment: Removal/correction of underlying cause, support major organs, fresh frozen plasma,
packed red blood cells, platelets, or cryoprecipitate, heparin used to minimize further
consumption of clotting factors (controversial).
Ch. 15 Alterations in Blood Flow
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of coronary artery/heart disease
Ch. 16 Alterations in Blood Pressure
Treatment of hypertension- (lifestyle modifications) weight loss, exercise, DASH diet, alcohol
moderation, decreased sodium intake; drug therapy affects HR, SVR, and/or stroke volume
Long term problems from hypertension- Renal failure, stroke, heart disease, Damage to arterial
system and acceleration of atherosclerosis lead to cardiovascular disease, Increased myocardial
work results in heart failure, Glomerular damage results in kidney failure, Affects
microcirculation of the eyes, Increased pressure in cerebral vasculature can result in hemorrhage
Modifiable vs nonmodifiable risk factors for hypertension- modifiable: dietary factors,
sedentary lifestyle, obesity/weight gain, metabolic syndrome, elevated blood glucose
levels/diabetes, elevated total cholesterol, alcohol & smoking; nonmodifiable: family history,
age, ethnicity/genetics
Ch. 18 Alterations in Cardiac Function
Coronary artery disease: characterized by insufficient delivery of oxygenated blood to the
myocardium caused by atherosclerotic coronary arteries; known risk factor: atherosclerosis
How to determine causes of acute coronary syndrome: associated with acute changes in plaque
morphology and thrombosis; evidence of acute ischemia on ECG- STEMI-candidates for acute
reperfusion therapy; no ST elevation on ECG- non-STEMI- candidates for antiplatelet drugs;
treatment: reperfusion
diagnosis and prognosis: diagnosis: Signs and symptoms, Electrocardiographic changes,
Elevations of specific marker proteins in the blood, Severe crushing, excruciating chest pain that
may radiate to the arm, shoulder, jaw, or back, Accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis
(sweating), shortness of breath, prognosis: difficult to determine b/c of many different factors;
After 18 to 24 hours: area of infarction becomes paler than surrounding tissues, 5 to 7 days:
turns yellowish and soft with a rim of red vascular connective tissue, At 1 to 2 weeks: necrotic
This study source was downloaded by 100000817935606 from CourseHero.com on 06-09-2022 13:57:04 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/46425461/NUR2063-Exam-3-Focused-Review-docx/
