Hersenen en Gedrag
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 11 ........................................................................................................................................... 4
Module 11.1 – what is emotion? ........................................................................................................ 4
Emotions and autonomic arousal ................................................................................................... 4
Do people have a few basic emotions? .......................................................................................... 6
The functions of emotion................................................................................................................ 7
Module 11.1 – in closing ................................................................................................................. 8
Module 11.2 – attack and escape behaviours .................................................................................... 8
Attack behaviours ........................................................................................................................... 8
Fear and anxiety ............................................................................................................................ 10
Anxiety disorders .......................................................................................................................... 14
Relief from anxiety ........................................................................................................................ 15
Module 11.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................... 15
Hoofdstuk 13 ......................................................................................................................................... 17
Module 13.3 – making decisions and social neuroscience ............................................................... 17
Perceptual decisions ..................................................................................................................... 17
Decisions based on values ............................................................................................................ 17
The biology of love ........................................................................................................................ 18
Empathy and altruism ................................................................................................................... 18
Module 13.3 – in closing ............................................................................................................... 19
Hoofdstuk 8 ........................................................................................................................................... 20
Module 8.1 – rhythms of waking and sleeping ................................................................................. 20
Endogenous rhythms .................................................................................................................... 20
Setting and resetting the biological clock ..................................................................................... 21
Mechanisms of the biological clock .............................................................................................. 22
Module 8.1 – in closing ................................................................................................................. 24
Module 8.2 – stages of sleep and brain mechanisms ....................................................................... 25
Sleep and other interruptions of consciousness........................................................................... 25
The stages of sleep ........................................................................................................................ 25
Paradoxical or REM sleep.............................................................................................................. 27
Brain mechanisms of wakefulness, arousal, and sleep................................................................. 27
Brain activity in REM sleep............................................................................................................ 29
Sleep disorders .............................................................................................................................. 30
1
, Module 8.2 – in closing ................................................................................................................. 32
Voorschouw fantoom ........................................................................................................................... 34
Voorschouw slaap ................................................................................................................................. 39
Hoorcollege – 10-10-2022..................................................................................................................... 54
Werkgroep – 10-10-2022 ...................................................................................................................... 69
Hoofdstuk 10 ......................................................................................................................................... 72
Module 10.1 – sex and hormones .................................................................................................... 72
Organizing effects of sex hormones ............................................................................................. 73
Activating effects of sex hormones ............................................................................................... 76
Parental behaviour........................................................................................................................ 78
Module 10.1 – in closing ............................................................................................................... 79
Module 10.2 – variations in sexual behaviour .................................................................................. 80
Evolutionary interpretations of mating behaviour ....................................................................... 80
Gender identity and gender-differentiated behaviours ............................................................... 81
Sexual orientation ......................................................................................................................... 82
Module 10.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................... 85
Hoorcollege – 11-10-2022..................................................................................................................... 87
Naschouw hormonen.......................................................................................................................... 102
Voorschouw depressie ........................................................................................................................ 109
Hoorcollege – 17-10-2022................................................................................................................... 114
Hoofdstuk 14 ....................................................................................................................................... 141
Module 14.2 – mood disorders....................................................................................................... 141
Major depressive disorder .......................................................................................................... 141
Antidepressant drugs .................................................................................................................. 142
Bipolar disorder........................................................................................................................... 146
Module 14.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 147
Module 14.3 – schizophrenia .......................................................................................................... 148
Diagnosis ..................................................................................................................................... 148
Genetics ...................................................................................................................................... 149
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis ......................................................................................... 151
Treatments .................................................................................................................................. 152
Module 14.3 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 155
The troubled mind – psychological disorders ................................................................................. 156
What does it mean to have a psychological disorder ................................................................. 157
How are psychological disorders diagnosed? ............................................................................. 158
What do the psychological perspectives tell us about disorders? ............................................. 159
2
, Which disorders emerge in childhood? ...................................................................................... 159
Summary 14.1 – neurodevelopmental disorders ....................................................................... 163
What is an anxiety disorder? ...................................................................................................... 163
OCD and related disorders .......................................................................................................... 167
What are dissociative disorders? ................................................................................................ 168
What are somatic symptom disorder and related disorders? .................................................... 168
What are personality disorders?................................................................................................. 168
Psychology as a hub of science – the dark side of leadership .................................................... 169
Interpersonal relationships – the clinical perspective ................................................................ 170
Psychology takes on real-word problems – is cyberbullying related to psychological disorders?
.................................................................................................................................................... 170
Summary 14.3 – anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic
disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ................................................................... 170
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 171
Hoorcollege – 18-10-2022................................................................................................................... 173
Hoofdstuk 16 ....................................................................................................................................... 197
The healthy mind – stress and coping, health psychology, and positive psychology ..................... 197
What is stress? ............................................................................................................................ 197
What are the biological and social correlates of stress? ............................................................ 200
Stress and the amygdala ............................................................................................................. 200
How does stress affect our health? ............................................................................................ 203
Summary 16.1 – stages in Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome...................................... 205
What is the relationship between psychology and health? ....................................................... 205
Summary 16.2 – five domains of health behaviour .................................................................... 211
Voorschouw stress .............................................................................................................................. 213
Hoorcollege – 24-20-2022................................................................................................................... 218
Werkgroep – 24-10-2022 .................................................................................................................... 236
3
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 11 ........................................................................................................................................... 4
Module 11.1 – what is emotion? ........................................................................................................ 4
Emotions and autonomic arousal ................................................................................................... 4
Do people have a few basic emotions? .......................................................................................... 6
The functions of emotion................................................................................................................ 7
Module 11.1 – in closing ................................................................................................................. 8
Module 11.2 – attack and escape behaviours .................................................................................... 8
Attack behaviours ........................................................................................................................... 8
Fear and anxiety ............................................................................................................................ 10
Anxiety disorders .......................................................................................................................... 14
Relief from anxiety ........................................................................................................................ 15
Module 11.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................... 15
Hoofdstuk 13 ......................................................................................................................................... 17
Module 13.3 – making decisions and social neuroscience ............................................................... 17
Perceptual decisions ..................................................................................................................... 17
Decisions based on values ............................................................................................................ 17
The biology of love ........................................................................................................................ 18
Empathy and altruism ................................................................................................................... 18
Module 13.3 – in closing ............................................................................................................... 19
Hoofdstuk 8 ........................................................................................................................................... 20
Module 8.1 – rhythms of waking and sleeping ................................................................................. 20
Endogenous rhythms .................................................................................................................... 20
Setting and resetting the biological clock ..................................................................................... 21
Mechanisms of the biological clock .............................................................................................. 22
Module 8.1 – in closing ................................................................................................................. 24
Module 8.2 – stages of sleep and brain mechanisms ....................................................................... 25
Sleep and other interruptions of consciousness........................................................................... 25
The stages of sleep ........................................................................................................................ 25
Paradoxical or REM sleep.............................................................................................................. 27
Brain mechanisms of wakefulness, arousal, and sleep................................................................. 27
Brain activity in REM sleep............................................................................................................ 29
Sleep disorders .............................................................................................................................. 30
1
, Module 8.2 – in closing ................................................................................................................. 32
Voorschouw fantoom ........................................................................................................................... 34
Voorschouw slaap ................................................................................................................................. 39
Hoorcollege – 10-10-2022..................................................................................................................... 54
Werkgroep – 10-10-2022 ...................................................................................................................... 69
Hoofdstuk 10 ......................................................................................................................................... 72
Module 10.1 – sex and hormones .................................................................................................... 72
Organizing effects of sex hormones ............................................................................................. 73
Activating effects of sex hormones ............................................................................................... 76
Parental behaviour........................................................................................................................ 78
Module 10.1 – in closing ............................................................................................................... 79
Module 10.2 – variations in sexual behaviour .................................................................................. 80
Evolutionary interpretations of mating behaviour ....................................................................... 80
Gender identity and gender-differentiated behaviours ............................................................... 81
Sexual orientation ......................................................................................................................... 82
Module 10.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................... 85
Hoorcollege – 11-10-2022..................................................................................................................... 87
Naschouw hormonen.......................................................................................................................... 102
Voorschouw depressie ........................................................................................................................ 109
Hoorcollege – 17-10-2022................................................................................................................... 114
Hoofdstuk 14 ....................................................................................................................................... 141
Module 14.2 – mood disorders....................................................................................................... 141
Major depressive disorder .......................................................................................................... 141
Antidepressant drugs .................................................................................................................. 142
Bipolar disorder........................................................................................................................... 146
Module 14.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 147
Module 14.3 – schizophrenia .......................................................................................................... 148
Diagnosis ..................................................................................................................................... 148
Genetics ...................................................................................................................................... 149
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis ......................................................................................... 151
Treatments .................................................................................................................................. 152
Module 14.3 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 155
The troubled mind – psychological disorders ................................................................................. 156
What does it mean to have a psychological disorder ................................................................. 157
How are psychological disorders diagnosed? ............................................................................. 158
What do the psychological perspectives tell us about disorders? ............................................. 159
2
, Which disorders emerge in childhood? ...................................................................................... 159
Summary 14.1 – neurodevelopmental disorders ....................................................................... 163
What is an anxiety disorder? ...................................................................................................... 163
OCD and related disorders .......................................................................................................... 167
What are dissociative disorders? ................................................................................................ 168
What are somatic symptom disorder and related disorders? .................................................... 168
What are personality disorders?................................................................................................. 168
Psychology as a hub of science – the dark side of leadership .................................................... 169
Interpersonal relationships – the clinical perspective ................................................................ 170
Psychology takes on real-word problems – is cyberbullying related to psychological disorders?
.................................................................................................................................................... 170
Summary 14.3 – anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic
disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ................................................................... 170
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 171
Hoorcollege – 18-10-2022................................................................................................................... 173
Hoofdstuk 16 ....................................................................................................................................... 197
The healthy mind – stress and coping, health psychology, and positive psychology ..................... 197
What is stress? ............................................................................................................................ 197
What are the biological and social correlates of stress? ............................................................ 200
Stress and the amygdala ............................................................................................................. 200
How does stress affect our health? ............................................................................................ 203
Summary 16.1 – stages in Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome...................................... 205
What is the relationship between psychology and health? ....................................................... 205
Summary 16.2 – five domains of health behaviour .................................................................... 211
Voorschouw stress .............................................................................................................................. 213
Hoorcollege – 24-20-2022................................................................................................................... 218
Werkgroep – 24-10-2022 .................................................................................................................... 236
3
