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1. Cambridge A group of scholars at Cambridge University who rejected
School historical and biographical analysis of texts in favor of
(1920s-1930s): close readings of the texts themselves.
2. Chicago School A group, formed at the University of Chicago in the 1950s,
(1950s): that drew on Aristotle's distinctions between the various el-
ements within a narrative to analyze the relation between
form and structure. Critics and Criticisms: Ancient and
Modern (1952) is the major work of the Chicago School.
3. Deconstruction A philosophical approach to reading, first advanced by
(1967-present): Jacques Derrida that attacks the assumption that a text
has a single, stable meaning. Derrida suggests that all in-
terpretation of a text simply constitutes further texts, which
means there is no "outside the text" at all. Therefore, it is
impossible for a text to have stable meaning. The practice
of deconstruction involves identifying the contradictions
within a text's claim to have a single, stable meaning, and
showing that a text can be taken to mean a variety of things
that differ significantly from what it purports to mean.
4. Feminist criti- An umbrella term for a number of different critical ap-
cism (1960s-pre- proaches that seek to distinguish the human experience
sent): from the male experience. Feminist critics draw attention
to the ways in which patriarchal social structures have
marginalized women and male authors have exploited
women in their portrayal of them. Although feminist criti-
cism dates as far back as Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindica-
tion of the Rights of Woman (1792) and had some signifi-
cant advocates in the early 20th century, such as Virginia
Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir, it did not gain widespread
recognition as a theoretical and political movement until
the 1960s and 1970s.
5. Psychoanalytic Any form of criticism that draws on psychoanalysis, the
criticism practice of analyzing the role of unconscious psycholog-
(1930-present) ical drives and impulses in shaping human behavior or
artistic production. The three main schools of psycho-
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analysis are named for the three leading figures in devel-
oping psychoanalytic theory: Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung,
and Jacques Lacan.
6. Freudian crit- The view of art as the imagined fulfillment of wishes that
icism (c. reality denies. According to Freud, artists sublimate their
1900-present): desires and translate their imagined wishes into art. We,
as an audience, respond to the sublimated wishes that we
share with the artist. Working from this view, an artist's
biography becomes a useful tool in interpreting his or
her work. "Freudian criticism" is also used as a term to
describe the analysis of Freudian images within a work of
art.
7. Jungian criticism A school of criticism that draws on Carl Jung's theory of the
(1920s-present): collective unconscious, a reservoir of common thoughts
and experiences that all cultures share. Jung holds that
literature is an expression of the main themes of the col-
lective unconscious, and critics often invoke his work in
discussions of literary archetypes. These archetypes are
Shadow, Anima, Animus, Spirit.
8. Lacanian crit- Criticism based on Jacques Lacan's view that the uncon-
icism (c. scious, and our perception of ourselves, is shaped in the
1977-present): "symbolic" order of language rather than in the "imaginary"
order of prelinguistic thought. Lacan is famous in literary
circles for his influential reading of Edgar Allan Poe's "The
Purloined Letter.
9. Marxist criticism An umbrella term for a number of critical approaches to lit-
(1930-present) erature that draw inspiration from the social and economic
theories of Karl Marx. Marx maintained that material pro-
duction, or economics, ultimately determines the course
of history, and in turn influences social structures.These
social structures, Marx argued, are held in place by the
dominant ideology, which serves to reinforce the interests
of the ruling class. Marxist criticism approaches literature
as a struggle with social realities and ideologies.
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10. Frankfurt School A group of German Marxist thinkers associated with the
(c. 1923-1970): Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt. These thinkers
applied the principles of Marxism to a wide range of
social phenomena, including literature. Major members
of the Frankfurt School include Theodor Adorno, Max
Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcuse, and Jür-
gen Habermas.
11. New Criticism Coined in John Crowe Ransom's The New Criticism
(1930s-1960s): (1941), this approach discourages the use of history and
biography in interpreting a literary work. Instead, it encour-
ages readers to discover the meaning of a work through
a detailed analysis of the text itself. This approach was
popular in the middle of the 20th century, especially in the
United States, but has since fallen out of favor.
12. New Historicism An approach that breaks down distinctions between "liter-
(1980s-present): ature" and "historical context" by examining the contem-
porary production and reception of literary texts, including
the dominant social, political, and moral movements of the
time. Stephen Greenblatt is a leader in this field, which
joins the careful textual analysis of New Criticism with a
dynamic model of historical research.
13. New Humanism An American movement, led by Irving Babbitt and Paul
(c. 1910-1933): Elmer More, that embraced conservative literary and
moral values and advocated a return to humanistic edu-
cation.
14. Post-structural- A movement that comprised, among other things, Decon-
ism struction, Lacanian criticism, and the later works of Roland
(1960s-1970s): Barthes and Michel Foucault. It criticized structuralism for
its claims to scientific objectivity, including its assumption
that the system of signs in which language operates was
stable.
15.
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1. Cambridge A group of scholars at Cambridge University who rejected
School historical and biographical analysis of texts in favor of
(1920s-1930s): close readings of the texts themselves.
2. Chicago School A group, formed at the University of Chicago in the 1950s,
(1950s): that drew on Aristotle's distinctions between the various el-
ements within a narrative to analyze the relation between
form and structure. Critics and Criticisms: Ancient and
Modern (1952) is the major work of the Chicago School.
3. Deconstruction A philosophical approach to reading, first advanced by
(1967-present): Jacques Derrida that attacks the assumption that a text
has a single, stable meaning. Derrida suggests that all in-
terpretation of a text simply constitutes further texts, which
means there is no "outside the text" at all. Therefore, it is
impossible for a text to have stable meaning. The practice
of deconstruction involves identifying the contradictions
within a text's claim to have a single, stable meaning, and
showing that a text can be taken to mean a variety of things
that differ significantly from what it purports to mean.
4. Feminist criti- An umbrella term for a number of different critical ap-
cism (1960s-pre- proaches that seek to distinguish the human experience
sent): from the male experience. Feminist critics draw attention
to the ways in which patriarchal social structures have
marginalized women and male authors have exploited
women in their portrayal of them. Although feminist criti-
cism dates as far back as Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindica-
tion of the Rights of Woman (1792) and had some signifi-
cant advocates in the early 20th century, such as Virginia
Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir, it did not gain widespread
recognition as a theoretical and political movement until
the 1960s and 1970s.
5. Psychoanalytic Any form of criticism that draws on psychoanalysis, the
criticism practice of analyzing the role of unconscious psycholog-
(1930-present) ical drives and impulses in shaping human behavior or
artistic production. The three main schools of psycho-
, 2024 Newest|Literary Criticism|2024-2025 UPDATE|COMPREHENSIVE F
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100% ACCURATE!!
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analysis are named for the three leading figures in devel-
oping psychoanalytic theory: Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung,
and Jacques Lacan.
6. Freudian crit- The view of art as the imagined fulfillment of wishes that
icism (c. reality denies. According to Freud, artists sublimate their
1900-present): desires and translate their imagined wishes into art. We,
as an audience, respond to the sublimated wishes that we
share with the artist. Working from this view, an artist's
biography becomes a useful tool in interpreting his or
her work. "Freudian criticism" is also used as a term to
describe the analysis of Freudian images within a work of
art.
7. Jungian criticism A school of criticism that draws on Carl Jung's theory of the
(1920s-present): collective unconscious, a reservoir of common thoughts
and experiences that all cultures share. Jung holds that
literature is an expression of the main themes of the col-
lective unconscious, and critics often invoke his work in
discussions of literary archetypes. These archetypes are
Shadow, Anima, Animus, Spirit.
8. Lacanian crit- Criticism based on Jacques Lacan's view that the uncon-
icism (c. scious, and our perception of ourselves, is shaped in the
1977-present): "symbolic" order of language rather than in the "imaginary"
order of prelinguistic thought. Lacan is famous in literary
circles for his influential reading of Edgar Allan Poe's "The
Purloined Letter.
9. Marxist criticism An umbrella term for a number of critical approaches to lit-
(1930-present) erature that draw inspiration from the social and economic
theories of Karl Marx. Marx maintained that material pro-
duction, or economics, ultimately determines the course
of history, and in turn influences social structures.These
social structures, Marx argued, are held in place by the
dominant ideology, which serves to reinforce the interests
of the ruling class. Marxist criticism approaches literature
as a struggle with social realities and ideologies.
, 2024 Newest|Literary Criticism|2024-2025 UPDATE|COMPREHENSIVE F
QUENTLY MOST TESTED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS|GET
100% ACCURATE!!
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g1droo
10. Frankfurt School A group of German Marxist thinkers associated with the
(c. 1923-1970): Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt. These thinkers
applied the principles of Marxism to a wide range of
social phenomena, including literature. Major members
of the Frankfurt School include Theodor Adorno, Max
Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcuse, and Jür-
gen Habermas.
11. New Criticism Coined in John Crowe Ransom's The New Criticism
(1930s-1960s): (1941), this approach discourages the use of history and
biography in interpreting a literary work. Instead, it encour-
ages readers to discover the meaning of a work through
a detailed analysis of the text itself. This approach was
popular in the middle of the 20th century, especially in the
United States, but has since fallen out of favor.
12. New Historicism An approach that breaks down distinctions between "liter-
(1980s-present): ature" and "historical context" by examining the contem-
porary production and reception of literary texts, including
the dominant social, political, and moral movements of the
time. Stephen Greenblatt is a leader in this field, which
joins the careful textual analysis of New Criticism with a
dynamic model of historical research.
13. New Humanism An American movement, led by Irving Babbitt and Paul
(c. 1910-1933): Elmer More, that embraced conservative literary and
moral values and advocated a return to humanistic edu-
cation.
14. Post-structural- A movement that comprised, among other things, Decon-
ism struction, Lacanian criticism, and the later works of Roland
(1960s-1970s): Barthes and Michel Foucault. It criticized structuralism for
its claims to scientific objectivity, including its assumption
that the system of signs in which language operates was
stable.
15.
