TEST BANK FOR Pathophysiology: A Practical Approach 5th Edition by Lachel Story ISBN:978-1284288094 COMPLETE GUIDE ALL CHAPTERS COVERED WITH RATIONALES 100% VERIFIED A+ GRADE ASSURED!!!!!!NEW LATEST UPDATE!!!!!

,CHAPTER 1 — CELLULAR FUNCTION d t dt dt d t




Question1 — (energyproduction) d
t dt dt d
t




Which organelle is the primary site of aerobic ATP production via oxidative phosphor
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




ylation?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum dt dt




B. Mitochondrion
C. Ribosome
D. Lysosome
Correct answer: B. Mitochondrion Rationa
dt dt dt dt




le:
Mitochondria generate the majority of cellular ATP byoxidative phosphorylation
dt dt dt dt dt d t dt dt dt




(electron transport chain + chemiosmosis) in the presence of oxygen.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




 A is incorrect —
dt dt dt




smoothER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification, n
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt d t




ot major ATP production.
dt dt dt




 C is incorrect — ribosomes synthesize proteins.
dt dt dt dt dt dt




 D is incorrect —
dt dt dt




lysosomes digest macromolecules and damaged organelles but do not produc
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




e ATP.dt




Question2 — Membrane transport td dt dt dt




A patient receives an IV drug that must enter cells against a concentration gradient. Wh
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




ich transport mechanism is most likely responsible?
dt dt dt dt dt d t




A. Simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer
dt dt dt dt dt




B. Facilitated diffusion through a channel protein dt dt dt dt dt




C. Primary active transport using ATP (e.g., Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase)
dt dt dt dt dt dt




D. Osmosis
Correct answer: C. Primary active transport using ATP (e.g., Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase) Rationale:
dt dt dt dt dt dt d t dt dt dt




Movement against a concentration gradient requires energy input; primary active
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




transport directly uses ATP (or an ATPase) to pump ions or molecules.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




 A and B are passive (do not move substances uphill).
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt

,  D (osmosis)is passive movement of water across a semipermeable m
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




embrane down its gradient. dt dt dt




Question3 — Facilitateddiffusion example
td dt dt td dt




Glucose entry into skeletal muscle during resting conditions (no insulin present) predominantly
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt d t




occurs by: dt




A. Simple diffusion through the membrane dt dt dt dt




B. Facilitated diffusion via GLUT transporters (down its concentration gradient)
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




C. Active transport by Na⁺/glucose cotransporterrequiring ATP
dt dt dt dt dt dt




D. Endocytosis
Correctanswer: B. Facilitateddiffusion via GLUT transporters Rati
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




onale:
Glucose crosses membranes via GLUT transporters (carrier proteins) by facilitated diff
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




usion when no energy is required and transport follows the concentration gradient.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




 A is incorrect — glucose is polar and cannot pass bysimple diffusion.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




 C (Na⁺/glucose cotransport)is used in some epithelia (e.g., intestinal/renal) a
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt d t dt dt




nd is secondaryactive, not the predominant mechanism in resting muscle.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




 D is incorrect —
dt dt dt




endocytosis is not the routine mechanism for glucose uptake.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




Question4 — Osmotic effects on red blood cells
d
t dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




A patient’s red blood cells placed in a hypertonic IV solution will:
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




A. Swell and potentially lyse (hemolysis)
dt dt dt dt




B. Shrink (crenate) as water leaves the cell
dt dt dt dt dt dt




C. Remain unchanged becauseRBC membranes are impermeable to water
dt dt dt dt dt dt d t dt




D. Gain sodiumvia active transport and maintain size
dt dt dt dt dt dt d t




Correct answer: B. Shrink (crenate) as water leaves the cell Rationa
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt d t dt




le:
In a hypertonic environment, extracellular osmolarity is higher than intracellular;
dt dt dt dt d t dt dt dt dt




water moves out of the cell by osmosis,causing cell shrinkage (crenation).
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt

,  A is what happens in hypotonic solutions (water moves in).
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




 C is false — water crosses membranes rapidly (aquaporins).
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




 D is incorrect — acute sodiumpumping cannot prevent osmotic water shifts.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




Question5 — Cellular adaptation(definitions)
td dt dt dt td




Which term best describes an increase in cell size (e.g., cardiac myocytes enlarging fro
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




m chronic pressure overload)?
dt dt dt




A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correctanswer:C. Hypertrophy Rationale:
dt dt dt dt




Hypertrophy = increase in cell size (often with increased functional capacity). For
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




example, cardiac myocyte hypertrophy occurs with chronic increased workload.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




 A (hyperplasia) = increase in cell number.
dt dt dt dt dt dt




 B (atrophy) = decrease in cell size and/or number.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




 D (metaplasia) = replacement of one adult cell type with another (adaptive ch
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




ange).


Question6 — Apoptosis vs necrosis td dt dt dt dt




Which statement correctly distinguishes apoptosis fromnecrosis?
dt d t dt d t dt dt




A. Apoptosis is an inflammatory, uncontrolled cell death; necrosis is programmed an
dt dt dt d t dt dt dt dt dt dt




d energy-dependent.
dt




B. Apoptosisis energy-dependent, orderly, and typically non-
dt dt dt dt dt d t




inflammatory; necrosis causes membrane rupture and inflammation. dt dt dt d t dt dt




C. Apoptosis only occurs in responseto infection; necrosis only occurs with is
dt dt dt dt dt dt d t dt dt dt dt




chemia.
D. Apoptosis always leads to tissue scarring; necrosis never does.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




Correctanswer:B. Apoptosis is energy-dependent, orderly, and typically non-
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt




inflammatory; necrosis causes membrane rupture and inflammation.
dt dt dt dt dt d t dt