Test Bank for Diversity and Inclusion in Sport
Organizations, 5e George Cunningham (All
Chapters Answers at the end of each Chapter)
Chapter 1
Overview of Diversity and Inclusion
Chapter Overview
The purpose of this chapter is to offer an overview of diversity and inclusion. The author defines
diversity as “the presence of socially meaningful differences among members of a dyad or group” and
considers inclusion “the degree to which employees are free to express their individuated self and have
a sense of workplace connectedness and belonging.” Next, the author conceptualizes the different
diversity forms, including surface-level and deep-level characteristics. The final section includes a
summary of factors that have contributed to an increased interest in diversity and inclusion: fairness and
justice, changing demographics, legal mandates, social pressures, negatives of exclusion, and the value
of diversity and inclusion.
Essay Questions
1. Define diversity and inclusion, including the key components of each construct.
2. Suppose that you are making an argument to your boss for increased emphasis on diversity and
inclusion in the workplace. What arguments would you use to convey the importance of
diversity to your organization?
3. Consider the different reasons for the increased interest in diversity and inclusion. Are there
differences in the importance of these factors? For example, have some factors led to greater
interest among researchers and practitioners than other factors?
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following statements about diversity is MOST correct?
a. Diversity focuses on individuals, not teams or groups.
b. All differences are a socially relevant source of diversity.
c. Diversity is primarily concerned with race and gender.
d. Diversity is concerned with differences that are socially meaningful.
2. Which of the following diversity forms best represents the social significance of diversity?
a. Shoe size
b. Social class
Information Classification: General
, c. Hair color
d. Functional background
3. Inclusion reflects the degree to which:
a. People can express unique identities.
b. The sport organization follows state laws.
c. People feel a sense of belongingness
d. A and C only.
e. All of the above.
4. The Eagles soccer team includes 4 Asian players, 5 Black players, 3 White players, and 6
Latina players. All the players have played soccer for 5 years, and they have similar attitudes
toward the sport. Thus, the team:
a. Has high surface level diversity.
b. Has low informational diversity.
c. Has high value diversity.
d. A and B only.
e. All of the above.
5. At Carol’s Bike Stop, the three women employees are all college educated, while the three
men hold high school degrees. Based on this description:
a. There is a diversity fault line among the employees.
b. There is little surface level diversity.
c. There is little deep-level diversity.
d. The subjective diversity is low.
6. From a ___________ perspective, all organizations have an obligation to contribute
positively to society, including dismantling systems of oppression.
a. Legal mandate
b. Social pressure
c. Fairness and justice
d. Inclusion
7. A 2021 survey of managers showed they engaged in social and environmental sustainability
for which of the following reasons?
a. Drive revenues.
b. Generate trust among key constituents.
c. Mitigate legal risks.
d. Promote team creativity and innovation.
8. Which of the following is NOT a reason for the emphasis on diversity and inclusion?
a. Changing demographics.
b. Social pressures.
c. Decrease in physical activity participation.
d. Benefits of diversity on workplace outcomes.
Information Classification: General
, 9. A study set in England of 5595 women and men aged 50 or older showed that ______
percent had experienced age discrimination.
a. 10
b. 25
c. 30
d. 35
10. Leader attitudes and behaviors, organizational policies, and organizational culture are
examples of ________ factors that can influence diversity and inclusion.
a. Micro-level
b. Meso-level
c. Macro-level
d. Manage-level
True or False
1. A marketing group of all gay men would be considered diverse.
2. Board members of a non-profit sport organization differ in their backgrounds and where
they work; thus, they have informational diversity.
3. Objective measures of diversity hold no association with perceptions of those differences.
4. Today, people are living longer than they ever have, and the average woman is having more
babies.
5. In Japan, 28 percent of all residents are aged 65 or older.
6. According to the Center for Diversity, Inclusion, and Belonging, fewer than 30 countries have
laws that curtail basic LGBTQ+ rights.
7. In 2021, Major League Baseball moved the All-Star game out of the state of Georgia due to
what the league considered restrictive voting rights legislation. This is an example of social
pressures influencing diversity and inclusion.
8. Exclusionary workplace practices are likely to affect legal outcome but not employee
attitudes.
Information Classification: General
, Answers to Test Questions
Essay
Answers will vary.
Multiple Choice
1. d
2. b
3. d
4. d
5. a
6. c
7. b
8. c
9. b
10. b
True or False
1. False
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. False
7. True
8. False
Information Classification: General
Organizations, 5e George Cunningham (All
Chapters Answers at the end of each Chapter)
Chapter 1
Overview of Diversity and Inclusion
Chapter Overview
The purpose of this chapter is to offer an overview of diversity and inclusion. The author defines
diversity as “the presence of socially meaningful differences among members of a dyad or group” and
considers inclusion “the degree to which employees are free to express their individuated self and have
a sense of workplace connectedness and belonging.” Next, the author conceptualizes the different
diversity forms, including surface-level and deep-level characteristics. The final section includes a
summary of factors that have contributed to an increased interest in diversity and inclusion: fairness and
justice, changing demographics, legal mandates, social pressures, negatives of exclusion, and the value
of diversity and inclusion.
Essay Questions
1. Define diversity and inclusion, including the key components of each construct.
2. Suppose that you are making an argument to your boss for increased emphasis on diversity and
inclusion in the workplace. What arguments would you use to convey the importance of
diversity to your organization?
3. Consider the different reasons for the increased interest in diversity and inclusion. Are there
differences in the importance of these factors? For example, have some factors led to greater
interest among researchers and practitioners than other factors?
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following statements about diversity is MOST correct?
a. Diversity focuses on individuals, not teams or groups.
b. All differences are a socially relevant source of diversity.
c. Diversity is primarily concerned with race and gender.
d. Diversity is concerned with differences that are socially meaningful.
2. Which of the following diversity forms best represents the social significance of diversity?
a. Shoe size
b. Social class
Information Classification: General
, c. Hair color
d. Functional background
3. Inclusion reflects the degree to which:
a. People can express unique identities.
b. The sport organization follows state laws.
c. People feel a sense of belongingness
d. A and C only.
e. All of the above.
4. The Eagles soccer team includes 4 Asian players, 5 Black players, 3 White players, and 6
Latina players. All the players have played soccer for 5 years, and they have similar attitudes
toward the sport. Thus, the team:
a. Has high surface level diversity.
b. Has low informational diversity.
c. Has high value diversity.
d. A and B only.
e. All of the above.
5. At Carol’s Bike Stop, the three women employees are all college educated, while the three
men hold high school degrees. Based on this description:
a. There is a diversity fault line among the employees.
b. There is little surface level diversity.
c. There is little deep-level diversity.
d. The subjective diversity is low.
6. From a ___________ perspective, all organizations have an obligation to contribute
positively to society, including dismantling systems of oppression.
a. Legal mandate
b. Social pressure
c. Fairness and justice
d. Inclusion
7. A 2021 survey of managers showed they engaged in social and environmental sustainability
for which of the following reasons?
a. Drive revenues.
b. Generate trust among key constituents.
c. Mitigate legal risks.
d. Promote team creativity and innovation.
8. Which of the following is NOT a reason for the emphasis on diversity and inclusion?
a. Changing demographics.
b. Social pressures.
c. Decrease in physical activity participation.
d. Benefits of diversity on workplace outcomes.
Information Classification: General
, 9. A study set in England of 5595 women and men aged 50 or older showed that ______
percent had experienced age discrimination.
a. 10
b. 25
c. 30
d. 35
10. Leader attitudes and behaviors, organizational policies, and organizational culture are
examples of ________ factors that can influence diversity and inclusion.
a. Micro-level
b. Meso-level
c. Macro-level
d. Manage-level
True or False
1. A marketing group of all gay men would be considered diverse.
2. Board members of a non-profit sport organization differ in their backgrounds and where
they work; thus, they have informational diversity.
3. Objective measures of diversity hold no association with perceptions of those differences.
4. Today, people are living longer than they ever have, and the average woman is having more
babies.
5. In Japan, 28 percent of all residents are aged 65 or older.
6. According to the Center for Diversity, Inclusion, and Belonging, fewer than 30 countries have
laws that curtail basic LGBTQ+ rights.
7. In 2021, Major League Baseball moved the All-Star game out of the state of Georgia due to
what the league considered restrictive voting rights legislation. This is an example of social
pressures influencing diversity and inclusion.
8. Exclusionary workplace practices are likely to affect legal outcome but not employee
attitudes.
Information Classification: General
, Answers to Test Questions
Essay
Answers will vary.
Multiple Choice
1. d
2. b
3. d
4. d
5. a
6. c
7. b
8. c
9. b
10. b
True or False
1. False
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. False
7. True
8. False
Information Classification: General
