Rio Salado Bio 202 Exam 1
Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands - answer Endocrine:
- secretes hormones
- secretes into interstitial fluid and intervascular fluid
- also called "ductless glands"
- ex: thyroid gland, pituitary gland
Exocrine:
- discharged onto epithelial surface
- secretions reach surface through tubular ducts
- ex: perspiration, tears in eyes, mammary glands
Compare and contrast hormonal and neural controls of body functioning -
answernervous system exerts rapid controls via nerve impulses
endocrine exerts more prolonged effects via hormones
*Neural*: controls and coordinates activities of cells, moves nerve impulse down the
length of a cell through neuron, high speed and shorter duration of action
*Hormonal*: chemical impulses, releases chemicals into bloodstream (hormones) into
blood to circulate through systemic circulation to act on target cells, longer duration of
activation, much slower
List the major endocrine organs and their location in the body - answerpituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands
-hypothalamus bc it produces and releases hormones
-pancreas, gonads, and placenta contain endocrine tissue
*Hypothalamus*: brain; important in regulation of satiety, metabolism, and body
temperature. It secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones
in the pituitary gland. Many of these hormones are releasing hormones, which are
secreted into an artery (the hypophyseal portal system) that carries them directly to the
pituitary gland. In the pituitary gland, these releasing hormones signal secretion of
stimulating hormones. The hypothalamus also secretes a hormone called somatostatin,
which causes the pituitary gland to stop the release of growth hormone
*Pituitary Gland*: "The master gland", brain; Divided into two parts: the anterior lobe
and the posterior lobe.
*Thyroid Gland*:
Lower front part of the neck; It produces thyroid hormones that regulate the body's
metabolism. It also plays a role in bone growth and development of the brain and
nervous system in children. The pituitary gland controls the release of thyroid
, hormones. Thyroid hormones also help maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate,
digestion, muscle tone, and reproductive functions.
*Parathyroid Glands*:
Two pairs of small glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland, one pair on
each side. They release parathyroid hormone, which plays a role in regulating calcium
levels in the blood and bone metabolism.
*Adrenal Glands*:
Triangular-shaped glands located on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands are made
up of two parts. The outer part is called the adrenal cortex, and the inner part is called
the adrenal medulla. The outer part produces hormones called corticosteroids, which
regulate the body's metabolism, the balance of salt and water in the body, the
Autocrine - answerterm for hormones that act on same cells that secrete them
Paracrine - answerReferring to a secreted molecule that acts on a neighboring cell.
Explain how hormonal secretions are controlled - answerWater solubility and classified
chemically
*Amino Acid based*: most hormones; usually water soluble and cannot cross plasma
membrane
*Steroids*: synthesized from cholesterol, *only gonadal and adrenocortical hormones*,
all lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane
Describe the functional and structural relationship between the hypothalamus and
pituitary gland and the hormones produced by each - answerThe pituitary gland hangs
from the base of the brain and is enclosed by bone.
It consists of a hormone-producing glandular portion (*anterior pituitary*) and a neural
portion (*posterior pituitary*) which is an extension of the hypothalamus
the neurohypophysis includes the stalk (infundibulum) and the posterior pituitary
*posterior pituitary hormones*
- Oxytocin (stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor, milk)
- ADH (stimulate kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water) diabetes insipidus
(hyposecretion)
*anterior pituitary hormones*
- Growth Hormone (liver, muscle, bone, cartilage, and other tissues: anabolic hormone;
stimulates somatic growth; mobilizes fats; spares glucose) pituitary dwarfism in children
(hypo)/gigantism in children (hyper)
- TSH (stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones) cretinism in
children/myxedema in adults (hypo), hyperthyroidism/Graves' (hyper)
- ACTH (promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens (hyper= Cushing's
disease)
Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands - answer Endocrine:
- secretes hormones
- secretes into interstitial fluid and intervascular fluid
- also called "ductless glands"
- ex: thyroid gland, pituitary gland
Exocrine:
- discharged onto epithelial surface
- secretions reach surface through tubular ducts
- ex: perspiration, tears in eyes, mammary glands
Compare and contrast hormonal and neural controls of body functioning -
answernervous system exerts rapid controls via nerve impulses
endocrine exerts more prolonged effects via hormones
*Neural*: controls and coordinates activities of cells, moves nerve impulse down the
length of a cell through neuron, high speed and shorter duration of action
*Hormonal*: chemical impulses, releases chemicals into bloodstream (hormones) into
blood to circulate through systemic circulation to act on target cells, longer duration of
activation, much slower
List the major endocrine organs and their location in the body - answerpituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands
-hypothalamus bc it produces and releases hormones
-pancreas, gonads, and placenta contain endocrine tissue
*Hypothalamus*: brain; important in regulation of satiety, metabolism, and body
temperature. It secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones
in the pituitary gland. Many of these hormones are releasing hormones, which are
secreted into an artery (the hypophyseal portal system) that carries them directly to the
pituitary gland. In the pituitary gland, these releasing hormones signal secretion of
stimulating hormones. The hypothalamus also secretes a hormone called somatostatin,
which causes the pituitary gland to stop the release of growth hormone
*Pituitary Gland*: "The master gland", brain; Divided into two parts: the anterior lobe
and the posterior lobe.
*Thyroid Gland*:
Lower front part of the neck; It produces thyroid hormones that regulate the body's
metabolism. It also plays a role in bone growth and development of the brain and
nervous system in children. The pituitary gland controls the release of thyroid
, hormones. Thyroid hormones also help maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate,
digestion, muscle tone, and reproductive functions.
*Parathyroid Glands*:
Two pairs of small glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland, one pair on
each side. They release parathyroid hormone, which plays a role in regulating calcium
levels in the blood and bone metabolism.
*Adrenal Glands*:
Triangular-shaped glands located on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands are made
up of two parts. The outer part is called the adrenal cortex, and the inner part is called
the adrenal medulla. The outer part produces hormones called corticosteroids, which
regulate the body's metabolism, the balance of salt and water in the body, the
Autocrine - answerterm for hormones that act on same cells that secrete them
Paracrine - answerReferring to a secreted molecule that acts on a neighboring cell.
Explain how hormonal secretions are controlled - answerWater solubility and classified
chemically
*Amino Acid based*: most hormones; usually water soluble and cannot cross plasma
membrane
*Steroids*: synthesized from cholesterol, *only gonadal and adrenocortical hormones*,
all lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane
Describe the functional and structural relationship between the hypothalamus and
pituitary gland and the hormones produced by each - answerThe pituitary gland hangs
from the base of the brain and is enclosed by bone.
It consists of a hormone-producing glandular portion (*anterior pituitary*) and a neural
portion (*posterior pituitary*) which is an extension of the hypothalamus
the neurohypophysis includes the stalk (infundibulum) and the posterior pituitary
*posterior pituitary hormones*
- Oxytocin (stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor, milk)
- ADH (stimulate kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water) diabetes insipidus
(hyposecretion)
*anterior pituitary hormones*
- Growth Hormone (liver, muscle, bone, cartilage, and other tissues: anabolic hormone;
stimulates somatic growth; mobilizes fats; spares glucose) pituitary dwarfism in children
(hypo)/gigantism in children (hyper)
- TSH (stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones) cretinism in
children/myxedema in adults (hypo), hyperthyroidism/Graves' (hyper)
- ACTH (promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens (hyper= Cushing's
disease)
