ONS/ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY EXAM FULL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
TESTED QUESTIONS ALREADY PASSED
◍ 3 steps of interphase: Answer: First growth phase (G1)
Synthesis phase (S phase)
Second growth phase (G2)
◍ 4 phases of mitosis: Answer: Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
◍ Innate immunity: Answer: Non-specific response, either:
1. Barrier (skin, mucous membranes, flora of skin/gut)
2. Cellular components (phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes,
macrophages)
◍ Adaptive immunity: Answer: Follows innate immunity if
unsuccessful. Memory immunity, including:
1. Humoral immunity (production of antibodies or immunoglobulins)
2. Cell mediated immunity (dependent upon T cells)
,3. Regulatory T -cells (prevent autoimmune reactions and limit
inflammatory responses)
◍ Define mutations Answer: Variations in the nucleotide sequence of
a gene
◍ 3 main goals of treatment: Answer: Cure
Control
Palliation
◍ Define neoadjuvant therapy Answer: Treatment is given prior to
surgery to shrink the tumor
◍ Define adjuvant therapy Answer: Additional cancer treatment given
after the primary treatment to lower the risk that the cancer reoccur
◍ Define conditioning/preparative therapy Answer: Treatments used
to prepare a patient for stem cell transplantation
◍ 2 types of conditioning therapies: Answer: Myeloablative
Nonmyeloablative
◍ Define dose density Answer: Drug dose per unit of time
◍ Define dose intensity Answer: Amount of drug delivered over time
, ◍ How is relative dose intensity (RDI) calculated? Answer: By
comparing the dose that the patient ACTUALLY received to the
planned dose of the standard regimen
◍ How do alkylating agents work? Answer: By causing a break in the
DNA helix strand, interfering with DNA replication and causing cell
death
◍ 3 subcategories of alkylating agents: Answer: 1. Nitrogen mustards
2. Platinum-based agents (do not possess an alkyl group but still
termed alkylating agents as they work similarly)
3. Nitrosoureas
◍ Most common subcategory of alkylating agents: Answer: Nitrogen
mustards
◍ Common alkylating agents: Answer: Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Ifosfamide (Ifex)
Bendamustine (Treanda)
◍ Common platinum-based agents: Answer: Cisplatin (Platinol)
Carboplatin (Paraplatin)
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
TESTED QUESTIONS ALREADY PASSED
◍ 3 steps of interphase: Answer: First growth phase (G1)
Synthesis phase (S phase)
Second growth phase (G2)
◍ 4 phases of mitosis: Answer: Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
◍ Innate immunity: Answer: Non-specific response, either:
1. Barrier (skin, mucous membranes, flora of skin/gut)
2. Cellular components (phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes,
macrophages)
◍ Adaptive immunity: Answer: Follows innate immunity if
unsuccessful. Memory immunity, including:
1. Humoral immunity (production of antibodies or immunoglobulins)
2. Cell mediated immunity (dependent upon T cells)
,3. Regulatory T -cells (prevent autoimmune reactions and limit
inflammatory responses)
◍ Define mutations Answer: Variations in the nucleotide sequence of
a gene
◍ 3 main goals of treatment: Answer: Cure
Control
Palliation
◍ Define neoadjuvant therapy Answer: Treatment is given prior to
surgery to shrink the tumor
◍ Define adjuvant therapy Answer: Additional cancer treatment given
after the primary treatment to lower the risk that the cancer reoccur
◍ Define conditioning/preparative therapy Answer: Treatments used
to prepare a patient for stem cell transplantation
◍ 2 types of conditioning therapies: Answer: Myeloablative
Nonmyeloablative
◍ Define dose density Answer: Drug dose per unit of time
◍ Define dose intensity Answer: Amount of drug delivered over time
, ◍ How is relative dose intensity (RDI) calculated? Answer: By
comparing the dose that the patient ACTUALLY received to the
planned dose of the standard regimen
◍ How do alkylating agents work? Answer: By causing a break in the
DNA helix strand, interfering with DNA replication and causing cell
death
◍ 3 subcategories of alkylating agents: Answer: 1. Nitrogen mustards
2. Platinum-based agents (do not possess an alkyl group but still
termed alkylating agents as they work similarly)
3. Nitrosoureas
◍ Most common subcategory of alkylating agents: Answer: Nitrogen
mustards
◍ Common alkylating agents: Answer: Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Ifosfamide (Ifex)
Bendamustine (Treanda)
◍ Common platinum-based agents: Answer: Cisplatin (Platinol)
Carboplatin (Paraplatin)
