PORTAGE LEARNING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
– MODULE 9 PRACTICE EXAM -STUDY
GUIDE WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS -
VERIFIED 2026 (Rationale)
1. Which syndrome is characterized by increased production
of glucocorticoids?
A. Addison’s disease
B. Graves’ disease
C. Cushing’s syndrome
D. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
✅ Correct Answer: C. Cushing’s syndrome
Rationale:
Cushing’s syndrome results from excessive levels of glucocorticoids,
primarily cortisol. This may be caused by prolonged corticosteroid therapy or
adrenal hyperfunction. Elevated cortisol leads to metabolic disturbances
such as hyperglycemia and fat redistribution.
2. The following are common signs and symptoms of
Cushing’s syndrome EXCEPT:
A. Moon face
B. Central obesity
C. Muscle weakness
D. Hypoglycemia
✅ Correct Answer: D. Hypoglycemia
Rationale:
Cushing’s syndrome causes hyperglycemia, not hypoglycemia, due to
cortisol’s effect on increasing glucose production. Other hallmark signs
,include moon face, truncal obesity, and muscle wasting. Cortisol promotes
insulin resistance.
3. Signs and symptoms of Addison’s disease include each of
the following EXCEPT:
A. Fatigue
B. Weight loss
C. Hypotension
D. Hyperglycemia
✅ Correct Answer: D. Hyperglycemia
Rationale:
Addison’s disease is characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone
production. This leads to hypoglycemia, hypotension, and weight loss.
Hyperglycemia is more commonly associated with cortisol excess, not
deficiency.
4. Addison’s disease is due to which of the following?
A. Pituitary gland tumor
B. Thyroid gland hyperfunction
C. Adrenal gland dysfunction
D. Pancreatic beta cell failure
✅ Correct Answer: C. Adrenal gland dysfunction
Rationale:
Addison’s disease occurs when the adrenal cortex fails to produce adequate
hormones. This may result from autoimmune destruction, infection, or
hemorrhage. The deficiency affects cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.
,5. An endocrine hormone is released into circulation to act
on a target organ.
A. True
B. False
✅ Correct Answer: A. True
Rationale:
Endocrine hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream. They travel
to distant target organs where they bind specific receptors. This
distinguishes endocrine signaling from paracrine and autocrine signaling.
6. A paracrine action occurs when a hormone exerts an
action on the cells that produced it.
A. True
B. False
✅ Correct Answer: B. False
Rationale:
Paracrine signaling affects neighboring cells, not the cell that secreted the
hormone. When a hormone acts on the same cell that produced it, this is
called autocrine signaling.
, 7. Target cells must have receptors to recognize a hormone
and translate the signal into a cellular response.
A. True
B. False
✅ Correct Answer: A. True
Rationale:
Hormones can only affect cells with the appropriate receptors. Receptor
binding initiates intracellular signaling pathways. Without receptors, the
hormone has no physiological effect on the cell.
8. Hormones travel through the bloodstream attached to
transport carriers only.
A. True
B. False
✅ Correct Answer: B. False
Rationale:
Some hormones, such as steroid and thyroid hormones, require transport
proteins. However, water-soluble hormones like peptide hormones circulate
freely in plasma. Therefore, not all hormones require carriers.
9. What is the source of the hormone that plays a major role
in maintaining body metabolism, growth, and development
in children?
– MODULE 9 PRACTICE EXAM -STUDY
GUIDE WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS -
VERIFIED 2026 (Rationale)
1. Which syndrome is characterized by increased production
of glucocorticoids?
A. Addison’s disease
B. Graves’ disease
C. Cushing’s syndrome
D. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
✅ Correct Answer: C. Cushing’s syndrome
Rationale:
Cushing’s syndrome results from excessive levels of glucocorticoids,
primarily cortisol. This may be caused by prolonged corticosteroid therapy or
adrenal hyperfunction. Elevated cortisol leads to metabolic disturbances
such as hyperglycemia and fat redistribution.
2. The following are common signs and symptoms of
Cushing’s syndrome EXCEPT:
A. Moon face
B. Central obesity
C. Muscle weakness
D. Hypoglycemia
✅ Correct Answer: D. Hypoglycemia
Rationale:
Cushing’s syndrome causes hyperglycemia, not hypoglycemia, due to
cortisol’s effect on increasing glucose production. Other hallmark signs
,include moon face, truncal obesity, and muscle wasting. Cortisol promotes
insulin resistance.
3. Signs and symptoms of Addison’s disease include each of
the following EXCEPT:
A. Fatigue
B. Weight loss
C. Hypotension
D. Hyperglycemia
✅ Correct Answer: D. Hyperglycemia
Rationale:
Addison’s disease is characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone
production. This leads to hypoglycemia, hypotension, and weight loss.
Hyperglycemia is more commonly associated with cortisol excess, not
deficiency.
4. Addison’s disease is due to which of the following?
A. Pituitary gland tumor
B. Thyroid gland hyperfunction
C. Adrenal gland dysfunction
D. Pancreatic beta cell failure
✅ Correct Answer: C. Adrenal gland dysfunction
Rationale:
Addison’s disease occurs when the adrenal cortex fails to produce adequate
hormones. This may result from autoimmune destruction, infection, or
hemorrhage. The deficiency affects cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.
,5. An endocrine hormone is released into circulation to act
on a target organ.
A. True
B. False
✅ Correct Answer: A. True
Rationale:
Endocrine hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream. They travel
to distant target organs where they bind specific receptors. This
distinguishes endocrine signaling from paracrine and autocrine signaling.
6. A paracrine action occurs when a hormone exerts an
action on the cells that produced it.
A. True
B. False
✅ Correct Answer: B. False
Rationale:
Paracrine signaling affects neighboring cells, not the cell that secreted the
hormone. When a hormone acts on the same cell that produced it, this is
called autocrine signaling.
, 7. Target cells must have receptors to recognize a hormone
and translate the signal into a cellular response.
A. True
B. False
✅ Correct Answer: A. True
Rationale:
Hormones can only affect cells with the appropriate receptors. Receptor
binding initiates intracellular signaling pathways. Without receptors, the
hormone has no physiological effect on the cell.
8. Hormones travel through the bloodstream attached to
transport carriers only.
A. True
B. False
✅ Correct Answer: B. False
Rationale:
Some hormones, such as steroid and thyroid hormones, require transport
proteins. However, water-soluble hormones like peptide hormones circulate
freely in plasma. Therefore, not all hormones require carriers.
9. What is the source of the hormone that plays a major role
in maintaining body metabolism, growth, and development
in children?
