HTHS 1110 (WEBER) Final Exam
Review: Modules 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
Objectives Questions and All Correct
Answers.
neuromuscular junction - Answer Point of contact between the nervous system and the
muscular system.
synapse - Answer Region where communication occurs between two neurons or between a
neuron and a target cell.
synaptic cleft - Answer Small gap separating two cells such as a motor neuron and a muscle
fiber.
neurotransmitter - Answer Chemical substances that transmit information from neurons or
cause an electrical change in the cell that receives the message. Example: acetylcholine.
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors - Answer Specialized receptors located on the sarcolemma
of muscle fibers; responds best to acetylcholine.
axon terminal - Answer End of a motor neuron.
synaptic end bulb - Answer The neural part of a neuromuscular junction. Cluster of neural
cells located at the end of the axon terminal.
synaptic vesicles - Answer Membrane-enclosed sacs of neurotransmitters located in the
synaptic end bulb.
motor end plate - Answer The muscle fiber part of the neuromuscular junction; region of
sarcolemma opposite the synaptic end bulbs. Contains the acetylcholine receptors.
motor neuron - Answer Cells of the nervous system that control muscle movement. Receive
input through the brain through the spinal cord or a reflex pathway within the spinal cord.
Generate electrical impulses (action potentials)
alpha motor neuron - Answer The last neuron in the motor neuron chain; has its cell body
and dendrites located inside the spinal cord.
,acetylcholinesterase (AChE) - Answer Enzyme that breaks apart acetylcholine into acetate
and choline. Stops the action potential in a muscle cell.
muscle cell action potential - Answer Electrical wave travels along muscle surface; penetrates
the interior of the muscle cell at the T tubules; sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca++; Calcium
binds to troponin, troponin changes shape and moves tropomyosin aside to expose myosin-
binding sites (actin).
layers of the epidermis - Answer Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum,
stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum corneum.
epidermis - Answer Most superficial layer of skin; mostly consists of dead keratinocytes. Also
contains melanocytes, inepidermal macrophages and tactile epithelial cells.
stratum basale - Answer Deepest layer of the epidermis. Composed of a single row of
cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes. Stem cells undergo cell division to produce new
keratinocytes.
stratum spinosum - Answer Layer consists of 8-10 rows of keratinocytes. Some cells in this
layer retain the ability to divide. Appear to be covered with thornlike spines under microscopic
examination.
stratum granulosum - Answer Layer consists of 3-5 rows of flattened keratinocytes that are
undergoing apoptosis. Contains lamellar granules that release a lipid-rich secretion that acts as
a water repellent sealant.
stratum lucidum - Answer Layer that is only present in thick (hairless) skin. Consists of 4-6
rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes with large amounts of keratin.
stratum corneum - Answer Most superficial layer; consists of 25-30 rows of flat, dead
keratinocytes that contain mostly keratin; lack any organelles. Continuously shed and replaced.
squames - Answer Shed keratinocytes from the surface of the stratum corneum.
keratinocytes - Answer Cells which produce keratin; compose 90% of epithelial cells. Also
produce lamellar granules.
lamellar granules - Answer Produced by keratinocytes. Release a water-repellent sealant that
decreases water entry and loss and inhibits the entry of foreign materials.
, langerhans cells - Answer Also known as intraepidermal macrophages; rise from red bone
marrow and migrate to the epidermis; participate in the immune response against pathogens by
helping other immune system cells recognize pathogens and destroying them. Easily damaged
by UV rays.
tactile epithelial cells - Answer Also known as Merkel cells; located in the deepest layers of
the epidermis, are the least numerous of the epidermal cells. Work with tactile (Merkel) discs to
detect touch sensations.
thin skin - Answer Epidermis consisting of 4 layers; stratum basale, stratum spinosum,
stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. Covers most body regions.
thick skin - Answer Epidermis located where exposure to friction is the greatest, such as the
fingertips, palms and soles of feet. Contains an additional layer; stratum lucidum.
dermis - Answer The connective tissue layer located beneath the epidermis. Consists of few
cells; mostly collagen and elastic fibers. Divided into 2 regions; papillary region and reticular
region.
papillary region - Answer Superficial portion of the dermis (1/5); consists of aerolar
connective tissue with thin collagen and fine elastic fibers; contains dermal ridges that house
blood capillaries, corpuscles of touch and free nerve endings.
reticular region - Answer Deeper portion of the dermis (4/5); consists of dense irregular
connective tissues with thick bundles of thick collagen and coarse elastic fibers. Spaces between
fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands and sudoriferous
glands.
functions of the skeletal system - Answer Support: structural framework; attachment sites
for ligaments and tendons. Protection: protects internal organs. Movement: assists in
movement. Mineral homeostasis: balances blood calcium and phosphate levels through storing
and release. Hematopoiesis: production of blood cells. Fat/energy storage: triglycerides stored
in yellow bone marrow.
osteogenic cell - Answer Bone stem cell; precursor to other bone-cell types.
osteoblasts - Answer Dividing cell. Responsible for laying down bone components. Directed
by hormones. Difficult to stimulate activity when homeostasis is disrupted. Bone Building Blasts.
osteocytes - Answer Located inside of bone; maintains bone integrity.
Review: Modules 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
Objectives Questions and All Correct
Answers.
neuromuscular junction - Answer Point of contact between the nervous system and the
muscular system.
synapse - Answer Region where communication occurs between two neurons or between a
neuron and a target cell.
synaptic cleft - Answer Small gap separating two cells such as a motor neuron and a muscle
fiber.
neurotransmitter - Answer Chemical substances that transmit information from neurons or
cause an electrical change in the cell that receives the message. Example: acetylcholine.
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors - Answer Specialized receptors located on the sarcolemma
of muscle fibers; responds best to acetylcholine.
axon terminal - Answer End of a motor neuron.
synaptic end bulb - Answer The neural part of a neuromuscular junction. Cluster of neural
cells located at the end of the axon terminal.
synaptic vesicles - Answer Membrane-enclosed sacs of neurotransmitters located in the
synaptic end bulb.
motor end plate - Answer The muscle fiber part of the neuromuscular junction; region of
sarcolemma opposite the synaptic end bulbs. Contains the acetylcholine receptors.
motor neuron - Answer Cells of the nervous system that control muscle movement. Receive
input through the brain through the spinal cord or a reflex pathway within the spinal cord.
Generate electrical impulses (action potentials)
alpha motor neuron - Answer The last neuron in the motor neuron chain; has its cell body
and dendrites located inside the spinal cord.
,acetylcholinesterase (AChE) - Answer Enzyme that breaks apart acetylcholine into acetate
and choline. Stops the action potential in a muscle cell.
muscle cell action potential - Answer Electrical wave travels along muscle surface; penetrates
the interior of the muscle cell at the T tubules; sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca++; Calcium
binds to troponin, troponin changes shape and moves tropomyosin aside to expose myosin-
binding sites (actin).
layers of the epidermis - Answer Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum,
stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum corneum.
epidermis - Answer Most superficial layer of skin; mostly consists of dead keratinocytes. Also
contains melanocytes, inepidermal macrophages and tactile epithelial cells.
stratum basale - Answer Deepest layer of the epidermis. Composed of a single row of
cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes. Stem cells undergo cell division to produce new
keratinocytes.
stratum spinosum - Answer Layer consists of 8-10 rows of keratinocytes. Some cells in this
layer retain the ability to divide. Appear to be covered with thornlike spines under microscopic
examination.
stratum granulosum - Answer Layer consists of 3-5 rows of flattened keratinocytes that are
undergoing apoptosis. Contains lamellar granules that release a lipid-rich secretion that acts as
a water repellent sealant.
stratum lucidum - Answer Layer that is only present in thick (hairless) skin. Consists of 4-6
rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes with large amounts of keratin.
stratum corneum - Answer Most superficial layer; consists of 25-30 rows of flat, dead
keratinocytes that contain mostly keratin; lack any organelles. Continuously shed and replaced.
squames - Answer Shed keratinocytes from the surface of the stratum corneum.
keratinocytes - Answer Cells which produce keratin; compose 90% of epithelial cells. Also
produce lamellar granules.
lamellar granules - Answer Produced by keratinocytes. Release a water-repellent sealant that
decreases water entry and loss and inhibits the entry of foreign materials.
, langerhans cells - Answer Also known as intraepidermal macrophages; rise from red bone
marrow and migrate to the epidermis; participate in the immune response against pathogens by
helping other immune system cells recognize pathogens and destroying them. Easily damaged
by UV rays.
tactile epithelial cells - Answer Also known as Merkel cells; located in the deepest layers of
the epidermis, are the least numerous of the epidermal cells. Work with tactile (Merkel) discs to
detect touch sensations.
thin skin - Answer Epidermis consisting of 4 layers; stratum basale, stratum spinosum,
stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. Covers most body regions.
thick skin - Answer Epidermis located where exposure to friction is the greatest, such as the
fingertips, palms and soles of feet. Contains an additional layer; stratum lucidum.
dermis - Answer The connective tissue layer located beneath the epidermis. Consists of few
cells; mostly collagen and elastic fibers. Divided into 2 regions; papillary region and reticular
region.
papillary region - Answer Superficial portion of the dermis (1/5); consists of aerolar
connective tissue with thin collagen and fine elastic fibers; contains dermal ridges that house
blood capillaries, corpuscles of touch and free nerve endings.
reticular region - Answer Deeper portion of the dermis (4/5); consists of dense irregular
connective tissues with thick bundles of thick collagen and coarse elastic fibers. Spaces between
fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands and sudoriferous
glands.
functions of the skeletal system - Answer Support: structural framework; attachment sites
for ligaments and tendons. Protection: protects internal organs. Movement: assists in
movement. Mineral homeostasis: balances blood calcium and phosphate levels through storing
and release. Hematopoiesis: production of blood cells. Fat/energy storage: triglycerides stored
in yellow bone marrow.
osteogenic cell - Answer Bone stem cell; precursor to other bone-cell types.
osteoblasts - Answer Dividing cell. Responsible for laying down bone components. Directed
by hormones. Difficult to stimulate activity when homeostasis is disrupted. Bone Building Blasts.
osteocytes - Answer Located inside of bone; maintains bone integrity.
