ERSC181 B001 INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY
EXAM SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ How does a hypothesis become a theory? Answer: A hypothesis
becomes a theory through extensive investigation , experimentation
and testing of evidence
◉ Describe qualitative Answer: observations and descriptions
drawings and concept sketches
comparisons
◉ Describe quantitative Answer: data measurements
maps
ages and rates
◉ How do you write 'a million years'? Answer: Ma - mega-annum
◉ How do you write 'a billion years'? Answer: Ga - giga-annum
◉ How many years ago was the earth formed? Answer: 4.6 Ga
, ◉ How do Geologists use rates? Answer: Geologists use rates to
determine how quickly or slowly a process is occurring
◉ What is the principle of superposition? Answer: The oldest rocks
are on the bottom layers and the youngest are on the top
◉ What is the principle of cross-cutting relationships? Answer: The
rocks must have been deposited before they were deformed, faulted,
intruded into etc...
◉ What is the principle of inclusion? Answer: Clasts that make up a
rock are older than the rock itself.
◉ What the 4 types of maps covered in class? Answer: Shaded relief
maps
Satellite images
Topographic maps
Geologic maps
◉ Describe shaded relief maps Answer: Light and dark shadows are
used to depict elevation
◉ Describe Satellite images Answer: wavelength reflectance from a
land surface, often using false color
EXAM SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ How does a hypothesis become a theory? Answer: A hypothesis
becomes a theory through extensive investigation , experimentation
and testing of evidence
◉ Describe qualitative Answer: observations and descriptions
drawings and concept sketches
comparisons
◉ Describe quantitative Answer: data measurements
maps
ages and rates
◉ How do you write 'a million years'? Answer: Ma - mega-annum
◉ How do you write 'a billion years'? Answer: Ga - giga-annum
◉ How many years ago was the earth formed? Answer: 4.6 Ga
, ◉ How do Geologists use rates? Answer: Geologists use rates to
determine how quickly or slowly a process is occurring
◉ What is the principle of superposition? Answer: The oldest rocks
are on the bottom layers and the youngest are on the top
◉ What is the principle of cross-cutting relationships? Answer: The
rocks must have been deposited before they were deformed, faulted,
intruded into etc...
◉ What is the principle of inclusion? Answer: Clasts that make up a
rock are older than the rock itself.
◉ What the 4 types of maps covered in class? Answer: Shaded relief
maps
Satellite images
Topographic maps
Geologic maps
◉ Describe shaded relief maps Answer: Light and dark shadows are
used to depict elevation
◉ Describe Satellite images Answer: wavelength reflectance from a
land surface, often using false color
