NRS 434VN TOPIC 4 ASSIGNMENT TEST
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉ Two major components of blood. Answer: 1. plasma (55%)
-water, proteins (albumin, globulin, clotting factors), electrolytes,
gases, glucose, amino acids, lipids, waste
2. Blood cells (45%)
-erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBCs), platelets
◉ Cellular components of blood. Answer: 1. RBC
-most abundant
-primary action = transport gases o2 and co2
-also assist in maintaining acid-base balance
-composed of hemoglobin
2. WBC
-body's defenses against infection
-remove dead or injured host cells
-Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)
-Agranulocytes (monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes)
3. Platelets
,-clotting factor
◉ Where are blood cells from. Answer: -stem cells in bone marrow
tissues
◉ What is anemia. Answer: -erythrocyte deficiency
-reduced quantity or quality of hemoglobin
-reduced volume of packed RBCs (hct) in circulating blood
◉ Normal RBC count and what causes decreases and increases.
Answer: -total number of RBCs in 1 ml whole blood
-Male: 4.5-5.5x10
-female: 4.0-4.9x10
-increase in: dehydration, hemoconcentration, elevated altitude,
cardiovascular disease, polycythemia (elevated hct), COPD, cor
pulmonale
-decrease in: anemias, hemodilution, bone marrow
immunosuppression, leukemia, multiple myeloma, pregnancy,
chronic renal failure, chronic infection
◉ Hemoglobin normal levels and what causes increase/decrease.
Answer: -male: 13-18
-female: 12-16
-grams of hemoglobin present in 100 ml of whole blood
,-increase in: polycythemia
-decrease in: anemias
◉ Hematocrit normal levels and what causes increases and
decreases. Answer: -percent of RBC's matter to fluid or plasma in
100 ml of whole blood
-male: 45-52%
-female: 37-48%
-increase in: dehydration, burns, polycythemia
-decrease in: anemias, over hydration
◉ Normal reticulocyte counts. Answer: -approximately 1% of all
RBCs
-increased numbers can indicate blood loss or RBC destruction
◉ MCV def. Answer: -mean corpuscular volume = average size of
RBC
-80-100
-used to classify anemia as normocytic, microcytic, and macrocytic
◉ MCH defintion. Answer: -mean corpuscular hemoglobin = average
weight of RBC
-27-32
, ◉ MCHC definition. Answer: -average concentration of Hgb in RBC
-32-36%
-hypochromic = pallor in color
-normochromic == average color
-hyperchromic
◉ Normal platelet count. Answer: -150,000 to 400,000
◉ Clinical manifestations of anemia. Answer: INTEGUMENTARY
-pallor
-jaundice
-pruritus
-cool to touch
-intolerance to cold
-nail changes (koilonychias)
-glossitis
-chellitis
-pica
(last 3 r/t nutritional deficiencies)
CARDIOVASCULAR
-tachycardia w/ basal activity
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉ Two major components of blood. Answer: 1. plasma (55%)
-water, proteins (albumin, globulin, clotting factors), electrolytes,
gases, glucose, amino acids, lipids, waste
2. Blood cells (45%)
-erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBCs), platelets
◉ Cellular components of blood. Answer: 1. RBC
-most abundant
-primary action = transport gases o2 and co2
-also assist in maintaining acid-base balance
-composed of hemoglobin
2. WBC
-body's defenses against infection
-remove dead or injured host cells
-Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)
-Agranulocytes (monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes)
3. Platelets
,-clotting factor
◉ Where are blood cells from. Answer: -stem cells in bone marrow
tissues
◉ What is anemia. Answer: -erythrocyte deficiency
-reduced quantity or quality of hemoglobin
-reduced volume of packed RBCs (hct) in circulating blood
◉ Normal RBC count and what causes decreases and increases.
Answer: -total number of RBCs in 1 ml whole blood
-Male: 4.5-5.5x10
-female: 4.0-4.9x10
-increase in: dehydration, hemoconcentration, elevated altitude,
cardiovascular disease, polycythemia (elevated hct), COPD, cor
pulmonale
-decrease in: anemias, hemodilution, bone marrow
immunosuppression, leukemia, multiple myeloma, pregnancy,
chronic renal failure, chronic infection
◉ Hemoglobin normal levels and what causes increase/decrease.
Answer: -male: 13-18
-female: 12-16
-grams of hemoglobin present in 100 ml of whole blood
,-increase in: polycythemia
-decrease in: anemias
◉ Hematocrit normal levels and what causes increases and
decreases. Answer: -percent of RBC's matter to fluid or plasma in
100 ml of whole blood
-male: 45-52%
-female: 37-48%
-increase in: dehydration, burns, polycythemia
-decrease in: anemias, over hydration
◉ Normal reticulocyte counts. Answer: -approximately 1% of all
RBCs
-increased numbers can indicate blood loss or RBC destruction
◉ MCV def. Answer: -mean corpuscular volume = average size of
RBC
-80-100
-used to classify anemia as normocytic, microcytic, and macrocytic
◉ MCH defintion. Answer: -mean corpuscular hemoglobin = average
weight of RBC
-27-32
, ◉ MCHC definition. Answer: -average concentration of Hgb in RBC
-32-36%
-hypochromic = pallor in color
-normochromic == average color
-hyperchromic
◉ Normal platelet count. Answer: -150,000 to 400,000
◉ Clinical manifestations of anemia. Answer: INTEGUMENTARY
-pallor
-jaundice
-pruritus
-cool to touch
-intolerance to cold
-nail changes (koilonychias)
-glossitis
-chellitis
-pica
(last 3 r/t nutritional deficiencies)
CARDIOVASCULAR
-tachycardia w/ basal activity
