BIOLOGY 1108 LATEST 2026 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS MARKED A+
✔✔K-strategists - ✔✔organisms who produce few offspring but put in a lot of parental
investments
-more associated with internal fertilization and a stable environment
-ex: humans, primates, lions
✔✔amniotes - ✔✔animals either lay eggs or give birth to live young
✔✔yolk - ✔✔provides nutrients until egg hatches
✔✔amnion - ✔✔membrane surrounding a fluid-filled cavity that allows embryo to
develop in watery environment
-adaptation for land, more freedom from water
-ex: reptiles, mammals, birds
✔✔allantois - ✔✔second membrane; encloses a space where metabolic waste collects
✔✔chorion - ✔✔third membrane; surrounds entire embryo, yolk, allantoic sac (protected
by egg shell)
✔✔ovipatry - ✔✔"egg birth"; animals that lay eggs= oviparous
✔✔vivipatry - ✔✔"live births"; embryo receives nutrition from mother and develops
inside mother
✔✔placenta - ✔✔organ allows nutrients to be obtained from mother
✔✔hypothalamus - ✔✔master regulator of endocrine system
✔✔corpus luteum - ✔✔temporary endocrine structure that secretes progesterone and
inhibits GnRH, FSH and LH secretion
✔✔gametogenesis - ✔✔formation of gametes
✔✔spermatogenesis - ✔✔formation of sperm; primary and secondary
✔✔oogenesis - ✔✔formation of ova; primary and secondary
✔✔fertilization - ✔✔fusion of gametes; restores diploid chromosome content
,✔✔capacitation - ✔✔in female reproductive tract, changes that allow sperm to fertilize
egg; includes alteration of fluidity of plasma membrane, loss of some surface proteins,
changes in membrane charge
✔✔sperm passes through two layers - ✔✔1) layer of follicle cells (corona radiata)
2) inner matrix of glycoprotein (zona pellucida)
✔✔polyspermy - ✔✔fertilization by more than one seprm; prevented by membrane
potential change of egg (fast block)
✔✔slow block of sperm? - ✔✔vesicles in oocyte fuse with plasma membrane and
release contents leading to modification of structure of zona pellucida
✔✔in vitro fertilization - ✔✔process where eggs and sperm are brought together in a
petri dish
✔✔cleavage - ✔✔early cell division of zygote; larger cell fivides
✔✔blastula - ✔✔hollow ball forming following cleavage
✔✔gastrula - ✔✔multiple-layered embryonic sage of deelopment
-forms germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
✔✔organogenesis - ✔✔transformation of germ layers into organ system of the body
✔✔second and third trimester characterized by ______ - ✔✔fetal growth
✔✔hox gene - ✔✔regulate development of major features of body form in animals
✔✔animal - ✔✔heterotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes that form a gastrula during
development =1.5 million species described
✔✔sponges - ✔✔the most basal metazoans, lack body tissue, and guts, but have
skeletal support and are chemically exotic; "porifera"
-earlies and least integrated branch
-habits: filter feeding, sexual reproduction
-do not have complex reproductive stuctures
-spicules of glasslike silica or calcium
-major contributor to seafloor communities
✔✔choanocytes - ✔✔line interior surface of sponges; flagellated cells that capture food
and gas exchange; "collar cells"
, ✔✔mesophyll - ✔✔between interior and exterior layer; gelatinous mass- containing cells
that function in skeletal formation and nutrient dispersal
✔✔the eumatazoa - ✔✔"goof animals" *have tissue*
✔✔diploblastic - ✔✔two tissue layers (endoderm and ectoderm)
✔✔triptoblastic - ✔✔three tissue layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
✔✔ectoderm - ✔✔outermost; tissue layers that forms skin and nervous system
✔✔mesoderm - ✔✔middle layer; forms organs
✔✔endoderm - ✔✔innermost; tissue layer that formed during gastrulation, forms gut
✔✔radial symmetry - ✔✔many planes of symmetry; top and bottom, usually sessile float
✔✔bilateral symmetry - ✔✔one plane of symmetry
-includes cnidarians, ctenophores, placozoans, bilateral organisms
✔✔the cnidarians - ✔✔"stinging thread" (jellyfish, anemone, coral, etc)
-diploblastic, radial symmetry, tentacles around mouth for prey and have cnidocytes
(stinging cells), incomplete digestive tract, can have a polyp stage and a medusa stage,
no cephalization or nervous system (have a nerve net)
✔✔the ctenophora and placozoans - ✔✔"comb carry" (comb jelly)
-diploblastic, radial symmetry and nerve net
-predators; catch prey by hanging down umbrella-like body
-placozoans: simplest and smallest animals
✔✔coelom - ✔✔body cavity, surrounding gut-divides bilaterieans
✔✔acoelomate - ✔✔no body cavity
✔✔pseudocoelomate - ✔✔kind of has a body cavity
✔✔protostomes - ✔✔blastopore becomes mouth first; spiral cleavage, cell fate is
determined early in embryo development
✔✔deuterostomes - ✔✔blastopore becomes anus first; radial cleavage, cell fate is set
later
✔✔the lophotrochozoa - ✔✔-one group od bilateral
-protostomes
AND ANSWERS MARKED A+
✔✔K-strategists - ✔✔organisms who produce few offspring but put in a lot of parental
investments
-more associated with internal fertilization and a stable environment
-ex: humans, primates, lions
✔✔amniotes - ✔✔animals either lay eggs or give birth to live young
✔✔yolk - ✔✔provides nutrients until egg hatches
✔✔amnion - ✔✔membrane surrounding a fluid-filled cavity that allows embryo to
develop in watery environment
-adaptation for land, more freedom from water
-ex: reptiles, mammals, birds
✔✔allantois - ✔✔second membrane; encloses a space where metabolic waste collects
✔✔chorion - ✔✔third membrane; surrounds entire embryo, yolk, allantoic sac (protected
by egg shell)
✔✔ovipatry - ✔✔"egg birth"; animals that lay eggs= oviparous
✔✔vivipatry - ✔✔"live births"; embryo receives nutrition from mother and develops
inside mother
✔✔placenta - ✔✔organ allows nutrients to be obtained from mother
✔✔hypothalamus - ✔✔master regulator of endocrine system
✔✔corpus luteum - ✔✔temporary endocrine structure that secretes progesterone and
inhibits GnRH, FSH and LH secretion
✔✔gametogenesis - ✔✔formation of gametes
✔✔spermatogenesis - ✔✔formation of sperm; primary and secondary
✔✔oogenesis - ✔✔formation of ova; primary and secondary
✔✔fertilization - ✔✔fusion of gametes; restores diploid chromosome content
,✔✔capacitation - ✔✔in female reproductive tract, changes that allow sperm to fertilize
egg; includes alteration of fluidity of plasma membrane, loss of some surface proteins,
changes in membrane charge
✔✔sperm passes through two layers - ✔✔1) layer of follicle cells (corona radiata)
2) inner matrix of glycoprotein (zona pellucida)
✔✔polyspermy - ✔✔fertilization by more than one seprm; prevented by membrane
potential change of egg (fast block)
✔✔slow block of sperm? - ✔✔vesicles in oocyte fuse with plasma membrane and
release contents leading to modification of structure of zona pellucida
✔✔in vitro fertilization - ✔✔process where eggs and sperm are brought together in a
petri dish
✔✔cleavage - ✔✔early cell division of zygote; larger cell fivides
✔✔blastula - ✔✔hollow ball forming following cleavage
✔✔gastrula - ✔✔multiple-layered embryonic sage of deelopment
-forms germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
✔✔organogenesis - ✔✔transformation of germ layers into organ system of the body
✔✔second and third trimester characterized by ______ - ✔✔fetal growth
✔✔hox gene - ✔✔regulate development of major features of body form in animals
✔✔animal - ✔✔heterotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes that form a gastrula during
development =1.5 million species described
✔✔sponges - ✔✔the most basal metazoans, lack body tissue, and guts, but have
skeletal support and are chemically exotic; "porifera"
-earlies and least integrated branch
-habits: filter feeding, sexual reproduction
-do not have complex reproductive stuctures
-spicules of glasslike silica or calcium
-major contributor to seafloor communities
✔✔choanocytes - ✔✔line interior surface of sponges; flagellated cells that capture food
and gas exchange; "collar cells"
, ✔✔mesophyll - ✔✔between interior and exterior layer; gelatinous mass- containing cells
that function in skeletal formation and nutrient dispersal
✔✔the eumatazoa - ✔✔"goof animals" *have tissue*
✔✔diploblastic - ✔✔two tissue layers (endoderm and ectoderm)
✔✔triptoblastic - ✔✔three tissue layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
✔✔ectoderm - ✔✔outermost; tissue layers that forms skin and nervous system
✔✔mesoderm - ✔✔middle layer; forms organs
✔✔endoderm - ✔✔innermost; tissue layer that formed during gastrulation, forms gut
✔✔radial symmetry - ✔✔many planes of symmetry; top and bottom, usually sessile float
✔✔bilateral symmetry - ✔✔one plane of symmetry
-includes cnidarians, ctenophores, placozoans, bilateral organisms
✔✔the cnidarians - ✔✔"stinging thread" (jellyfish, anemone, coral, etc)
-diploblastic, radial symmetry, tentacles around mouth for prey and have cnidocytes
(stinging cells), incomplete digestive tract, can have a polyp stage and a medusa stage,
no cephalization or nervous system (have a nerve net)
✔✔the ctenophora and placozoans - ✔✔"comb carry" (comb jelly)
-diploblastic, radial symmetry and nerve net
-predators; catch prey by hanging down umbrella-like body
-placozoans: simplest and smallest animals
✔✔coelom - ✔✔body cavity, surrounding gut-divides bilaterieans
✔✔acoelomate - ✔✔no body cavity
✔✔pseudocoelomate - ✔✔kind of has a body cavity
✔✔protostomes - ✔✔blastopore becomes mouth first; spiral cleavage, cell fate is
determined early in embryo development
✔✔deuterostomes - ✔✔blastopore becomes anus first; radial cleavage, cell fate is set
later
✔✔the lophotrochozoa - ✔✔-one group od bilateral
-protostomes
