AS Geography 2021 Notes
Full Human
Notes AS October
2020
Migration, Population and Settlement
,Migration
• Migration – the permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people
(permanent is defined as being for longer than a year).
• Commuting – the movement of people to and from their place of work on a daily basis.
• Tourism – the movement of people to a different place for a short-term holiday (leisure)
• International Migration – the movement of people across international frontiers, from one
country to another.
• Internal Migration – the movement of people from one place to another within the same
country.
• Net Migration – the balance between the number of people who have left a country and
the number of people who have entered it. Note that it is combined with natural
increase/decrease to calculate the total net population change for a country.
• Distance-decay – the concept that the number of migrants between a certain country and
other countries decreases with distance from the country of origin.
• Remittances – money that is sent back to the country of origin (usually an LIC) from
migrants who have migrated to a different country, usually an HIC.
• Migration stream – a common path taken by migrants between countries. For example,
Latin America to USA and Northern/Western Africa to Southern Europe are migration
streams.
• Forced migration – migrants who have left their country of origin because they had no
feasible way of staying (e.g. wars, ethnic cleansing, poverty, lack of work)
• Asylum seekers – migrants who apply to stay permanently in the country they have arrived
in at the end of their journey.
• Illegal immigrants – migrants who enter a country by avoiding the barriers to migration in
place, such as border checks. This is usually due to a lack of official documentation.
• Rural-urban migration – migration from the rural areas of a country, where pay and living
standards might be poor, to the urban area of the same country.
• Counter-urbanisation – the movement of people from urban zones to quieter, countryside
rural areas, usually due to increasing urbanisation or being able to afford a nicer home.
• Step migration – the process of migration that involves moving slowly to ever-increasing
settlements, before finally reaching the city (e.g. village – small town – major town – city)
• Intra-urban migration – movement within the same urban area. (e.g. Croydon to Haringey)
• Inter-urban migration – movement from one urban area to another urban area.
Constraints barriers and obstacles
The financial cost in the country of origin, transportation, starting a new life is high.
Between HICs this isn't as much as an issue, in LICs it is a big issue.
Some difficulties faced by leaving migrants include; Distance, cost, family and culture,
religion, transport, political restrictions, and visa point systems as seen in Australia. The cost
is explored in depth below;
,Distance of travel
Often the greatest barriers in slashing migration is distance. It is usually unfeasible for poor
migrants to travel long distances without risks, the distance is also a challenge if migrants
change their mind during the journey it is a long dangerous way home. Planes have made
Closing up costs The Journey Starting Up
1) Lost wages from- 1)Transportation of People 1)Buying a house
resigning and goods. 2)Electricity and water
2)Estate agents 2)Food drink and hotels 3)Taxes
3)Selling things for under- 3)For illegal immigrant’s 4)Building house
priced human trafficking fake ID 5)Citizenship costs
4)Emotional Cost 5)Food and basic amenities
travel easy for the rich but not for the poor.
Immigration Laws
In the 19 century The US government encouraged immigration from Europe where
population growth was leading to overpopulation it provided the USA with workers and
solved Europe's problem.
Recently population growth in low income countries are medium income countries has led
to increase migration to high income countries like America and Europe as more and more
poor people trying to get into HICs barriers increase to slow the amount of people.
Theories of Migration
Lee Everett- Push and Pull factors
Things that were bad in the source area opposed to how they and other things are better in
the area where they wish to migrate to the Destination area. Migrants weigh up the good
and the bad things
Systems approach-Mabogunje (1970)
Inputs-Push and Pull, number and nature of barriers and obstacles
Processes-Migrants Decision making process
Outputs-How far has the migrant moved? Migrate or stay put? The destination reached.
Todaro's Model (1970)
Claimed that a migrant's decision to move was predicated on expected improvements of life
standard, as opposed to actual differences between current and destination country.
Migrants were also willing to take short term losses and difficulties he claimed with aim of
securing a better life for them and future. This method requires more long-term planning.
, Gender Based Factors
Men move more than women. Men would traditionally migrate more often than women
due to strenuous nature of the journey the fact that women rarely used to work.
Many women are unable to move because of government restrictions on unskilled Labour
meaning Housewives and mothers have to stay home.
The nature of the job effects the gender who migrates for example Bahrain offers low paid
construction jobs more suited to man.
Age based factors
Young move, old stay. Traditionally only the young working people would migrate
increased employment or education opportunities (HIC brain gain). They went the best life
and future possible. Young people can also withstand long journeys better. Recently, old
people have also migrated abroad due to better weather for their retirement.
Push and Pull Factors- Why people move
The main reason people feel inclined to migrate from one area to another is due to the quality of their current
life, and the perceived improvement their quality of life could have if they moved to another country. This,
essentially, means their motives for travelling can be separated into the things that are wrong about their
country of residence (push factors) and the potential things that would be beneficial in a different country or
area (pull factors).
Push Factors Pull Factors
•Low wages, Poor standard of living •Better/High wages, Better standard
including limited leisure bars etc.. of living, better leisure features.
•Impoverished living conditions •Reduced levels of poverty, nicer
•Lack of employment opportunities housing
•Poor education •Affordable cost of living, housing
•Poor healthcare provision, too •More employment opportunities
expensive •Improved or free education
•Lack of leisure service provision provision
•Racism, anti-Semitism, Islamophobia •Improved or free healthcare
etc provision
•War or conflict in the country of •Freedom (of speech, movement,
residence, Ethnic persecution, or thought)
political oppression •Racial/Gender equality
•Corrupt government •No racism, anti-Semitism,
•Natural disasters e.g. tsunami, Islamophobia etc
earthquake, volcanic eruption, rising •Fair, democratic governmental
sea levels, flooding, droughts system
•Farming related issues poor land, •Reduced chance of natural disasters
drought ect. •Better care for the environment
•Family ties lie elsewhere •Better transport links
Full Human
Notes AS October
2020
Migration, Population and Settlement
,Migration
• Migration – the permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people
(permanent is defined as being for longer than a year).
• Commuting – the movement of people to and from their place of work on a daily basis.
• Tourism – the movement of people to a different place for a short-term holiday (leisure)
• International Migration – the movement of people across international frontiers, from one
country to another.
• Internal Migration – the movement of people from one place to another within the same
country.
• Net Migration – the balance between the number of people who have left a country and
the number of people who have entered it. Note that it is combined with natural
increase/decrease to calculate the total net population change for a country.
• Distance-decay – the concept that the number of migrants between a certain country and
other countries decreases with distance from the country of origin.
• Remittances – money that is sent back to the country of origin (usually an LIC) from
migrants who have migrated to a different country, usually an HIC.
• Migration stream – a common path taken by migrants between countries. For example,
Latin America to USA and Northern/Western Africa to Southern Europe are migration
streams.
• Forced migration – migrants who have left their country of origin because they had no
feasible way of staying (e.g. wars, ethnic cleansing, poverty, lack of work)
• Asylum seekers – migrants who apply to stay permanently in the country they have arrived
in at the end of their journey.
• Illegal immigrants – migrants who enter a country by avoiding the barriers to migration in
place, such as border checks. This is usually due to a lack of official documentation.
• Rural-urban migration – migration from the rural areas of a country, where pay and living
standards might be poor, to the urban area of the same country.
• Counter-urbanisation – the movement of people from urban zones to quieter, countryside
rural areas, usually due to increasing urbanisation or being able to afford a nicer home.
• Step migration – the process of migration that involves moving slowly to ever-increasing
settlements, before finally reaching the city (e.g. village – small town – major town – city)
• Intra-urban migration – movement within the same urban area. (e.g. Croydon to Haringey)
• Inter-urban migration – movement from one urban area to another urban area.
Constraints barriers and obstacles
The financial cost in the country of origin, transportation, starting a new life is high.
Between HICs this isn't as much as an issue, in LICs it is a big issue.
Some difficulties faced by leaving migrants include; Distance, cost, family and culture,
religion, transport, political restrictions, and visa point systems as seen in Australia. The cost
is explored in depth below;
,Distance of travel
Often the greatest barriers in slashing migration is distance. It is usually unfeasible for poor
migrants to travel long distances without risks, the distance is also a challenge if migrants
change their mind during the journey it is a long dangerous way home. Planes have made
Closing up costs The Journey Starting Up
1) Lost wages from- 1)Transportation of People 1)Buying a house
resigning and goods. 2)Electricity and water
2)Estate agents 2)Food drink and hotels 3)Taxes
3)Selling things for under- 3)For illegal immigrant’s 4)Building house
priced human trafficking fake ID 5)Citizenship costs
4)Emotional Cost 5)Food and basic amenities
travel easy for the rich but not for the poor.
Immigration Laws
In the 19 century The US government encouraged immigration from Europe where
population growth was leading to overpopulation it provided the USA with workers and
solved Europe's problem.
Recently population growth in low income countries are medium income countries has led
to increase migration to high income countries like America and Europe as more and more
poor people trying to get into HICs barriers increase to slow the amount of people.
Theories of Migration
Lee Everett- Push and Pull factors
Things that were bad in the source area opposed to how they and other things are better in
the area where they wish to migrate to the Destination area. Migrants weigh up the good
and the bad things
Systems approach-Mabogunje (1970)
Inputs-Push and Pull, number and nature of barriers and obstacles
Processes-Migrants Decision making process
Outputs-How far has the migrant moved? Migrate or stay put? The destination reached.
Todaro's Model (1970)
Claimed that a migrant's decision to move was predicated on expected improvements of life
standard, as opposed to actual differences between current and destination country.
Migrants were also willing to take short term losses and difficulties he claimed with aim of
securing a better life for them and future. This method requires more long-term planning.
, Gender Based Factors
Men move more than women. Men would traditionally migrate more often than women
due to strenuous nature of the journey the fact that women rarely used to work.
Many women are unable to move because of government restrictions on unskilled Labour
meaning Housewives and mothers have to stay home.
The nature of the job effects the gender who migrates for example Bahrain offers low paid
construction jobs more suited to man.
Age based factors
Young move, old stay. Traditionally only the young working people would migrate
increased employment or education opportunities (HIC brain gain). They went the best life
and future possible. Young people can also withstand long journeys better. Recently, old
people have also migrated abroad due to better weather for their retirement.
Push and Pull Factors- Why people move
The main reason people feel inclined to migrate from one area to another is due to the quality of their current
life, and the perceived improvement their quality of life could have if they moved to another country. This,
essentially, means their motives for travelling can be separated into the things that are wrong about their
country of residence (push factors) and the potential things that would be beneficial in a different country or
area (pull factors).
Push Factors Pull Factors
•Low wages, Poor standard of living •Better/High wages, Better standard
including limited leisure bars etc.. of living, better leisure features.
•Impoverished living conditions •Reduced levels of poverty, nicer
•Lack of employment opportunities housing
•Poor education •Affordable cost of living, housing
•Poor healthcare provision, too •More employment opportunities
expensive •Improved or free education
•Lack of leisure service provision provision
•Racism, anti-Semitism, Islamophobia •Improved or free healthcare
etc provision
•War or conflict in the country of •Freedom (of speech, movement,
residence, Ethnic persecution, or thought)
political oppression •Racial/Gender equality
•Corrupt government •No racism, anti-Semitism,
•Natural disasters e.g. tsunami, Islamophobia etc
earthquake, volcanic eruption, rising •Fair, democratic governmental
sea levels, flooding, droughts system
•Farming related issues poor land, •Reduced chance of natural disasters
drought ect. •Better care for the environment
•Family ties lie elsewhere •Better transport links
