PHGY 216 Module 1 Part 2 Exam – Complete Study Guide With Practice Questions & Detailed
Answers
Adrenal glands structure + location - (answer)- Small + on top of kidneys
- Essentially 2 endocrine organs
- Outer cortex layers that actively secrete steroid hormones
- Inner layer is the medulla secreting catecholamines
Hormones in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex - (answer)- Mineralocorticoids (influence
electrolyte balance)
Hormones in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex - (answer)- Glucocorticoids
(glucose, lipid, protein metabolism)
- Sex hormones (identical/similar to those in gonads but produced in lower quantities)
Mineralocorticoids - (answer)- Influence salt and water balances
- Major example is aldosterone
- When aldosterone isn't present ECF volumes drop lowering BP leading to circulatory shock
- Secretion stimulated by activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system due to reduced Na+ + BP
fall
- Secretion stimulated by direct stimulation of adrenal cortex due to increased K+ conc.
Glucocorticoids (cortisol) - (answer)- Stimulates gluconeogenis (formation of glucose from precursors
like a.as) by stimulating protein degradation in muscles
- Inhibits glucose uptake by most tissues except the brain
- Breaks down lipid stores mobilizing FFAs for fuel
- Plays key role in stress adaptation (and not eating) by shifiting away from protein and fat stores while
increasing carbohydrate stores ensuring adequate brain activity during times of fasting and increasing
a.a, FFA, and glucose levels for wound repair
Cortisol secretion - (answer)- Hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulating
release of ACTH from anterior P stimulating adrenal glands to release cortisol
- Plasma cortisol provides negative feedback of CRH + ACTH
, PHGY 216 Module 1 Part 2 Exam – Complete Study Guide With Practice Questions & Detailed
Answers
- Diurnal pattern: highest in morning and lowest and night intrinsic to hypothalamus + anterior P
- Stress leads to large increase in CRH release from hypothalamus
Sex hormones - (answer)- Secretions stimulated by ACTH so they parallel cortisol secretion
- Dehydroepiandrosterone is the most important adrenal cortex sex hormone which plays little role in
males but is important for pubic/armpit hair growth, growth spurt enhancement, and maintenance of
sex drive in females
Catecholamine synthesis + storage + secretion - (answer)- Synthesized by adrenomedullary secretory
cells
- Stored in chromaffin granules similar to nt storage vesicles in nerve endings
- Chromaffin granules undergo exocytosis when stimulated
- 20% are norepinephrine but only epinephrine is functionally considered
What binds to which adrenergic receptors - (answer)- Norepinephrine mainly binds a1 and b1 receptors
near postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals where they are released
- Epinephrine binds all as it's released from adrenal medulla and is the only catecholamine that activates
b2
Effects of epinephrine - (answer)- Increasing HR + contraction strength causing increased CO and general
vasoconstriction increasing BP
- Vasodilation in skeletal muscle blood vessels + dilation of respiratory airways
- Decreased digestive activities
- Increases blood glucose by liver gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis + skeletal muscle glycogenolysis
- Promotes lipoplysis increasing circulating FFAs used by the heart and skeletal muscles for energy
Integrated stress response: sympathetic nervous system + epinephrine - (answer)- Overcoming anything
preventing escape from the situation
- Works in conjuction with endocrine system stimulating adrenal medulla epinephrine release
- Increased muscle strenght, mental activty, BP, cellular metabolism, bloodflow to essential organs
Answers
Adrenal glands structure + location - (answer)- Small + on top of kidneys
- Essentially 2 endocrine organs
- Outer cortex layers that actively secrete steroid hormones
- Inner layer is the medulla secreting catecholamines
Hormones in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex - (answer)- Mineralocorticoids (influence
electrolyte balance)
Hormones in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex - (answer)- Glucocorticoids
(glucose, lipid, protein metabolism)
- Sex hormones (identical/similar to those in gonads but produced in lower quantities)
Mineralocorticoids - (answer)- Influence salt and water balances
- Major example is aldosterone
- When aldosterone isn't present ECF volumes drop lowering BP leading to circulatory shock
- Secretion stimulated by activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system due to reduced Na+ + BP
fall
- Secretion stimulated by direct stimulation of adrenal cortex due to increased K+ conc.
Glucocorticoids (cortisol) - (answer)- Stimulates gluconeogenis (formation of glucose from precursors
like a.as) by stimulating protein degradation in muscles
- Inhibits glucose uptake by most tissues except the brain
- Breaks down lipid stores mobilizing FFAs for fuel
- Plays key role in stress adaptation (and not eating) by shifiting away from protein and fat stores while
increasing carbohydrate stores ensuring adequate brain activity during times of fasting and increasing
a.a, FFA, and glucose levels for wound repair
Cortisol secretion - (answer)- Hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulating
release of ACTH from anterior P stimulating adrenal glands to release cortisol
- Plasma cortisol provides negative feedback of CRH + ACTH
, PHGY 216 Module 1 Part 2 Exam – Complete Study Guide With Practice Questions & Detailed
Answers
- Diurnal pattern: highest in morning and lowest and night intrinsic to hypothalamus + anterior P
- Stress leads to large increase in CRH release from hypothalamus
Sex hormones - (answer)- Secretions stimulated by ACTH so they parallel cortisol secretion
- Dehydroepiandrosterone is the most important adrenal cortex sex hormone which plays little role in
males but is important for pubic/armpit hair growth, growth spurt enhancement, and maintenance of
sex drive in females
Catecholamine synthesis + storage + secretion - (answer)- Synthesized by adrenomedullary secretory
cells
- Stored in chromaffin granules similar to nt storage vesicles in nerve endings
- Chromaffin granules undergo exocytosis when stimulated
- 20% are norepinephrine but only epinephrine is functionally considered
What binds to which adrenergic receptors - (answer)- Norepinephrine mainly binds a1 and b1 receptors
near postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals where they are released
- Epinephrine binds all as it's released from adrenal medulla and is the only catecholamine that activates
b2
Effects of epinephrine - (answer)- Increasing HR + contraction strength causing increased CO and general
vasoconstriction increasing BP
- Vasodilation in skeletal muscle blood vessels + dilation of respiratory airways
- Decreased digestive activities
- Increases blood glucose by liver gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis + skeletal muscle glycogenolysis
- Promotes lipoplysis increasing circulating FFAs used by the heart and skeletal muscles for energy
Integrated stress response: sympathetic nervous system + epinephrine - (answer)- Overcoming anything
preventing escape from the situation
- Works in conjuction with endocrine system stimulating adrenal medulla epinephrine release
- Increased muscle strenght, mental activty, BP, cellular metabolism, bloodflow to essential organs
