NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
2 WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
2026
systemic circulation correct answer exchange of gases,
nutrients, and wastes in tissues
pulmonary circulation correct answer gas exchange in the
lungs
function of plasma proteins correct answer osmotic pressure,
antibody, and blood clots
erythrocytes correct answer contain hemoglobin, life span of
about 120 days
erythropoietin correct answer produced in the kidney,
stimulates erythrocyte production
3 steps of blood clotting (hemostasis) correct answer 1.
vasoconstriction of vascular spasm after injury 2. platelet clot 3.
coagulation mechanism
Rh+ correct answer antigen D in plasma membrane
Rh- correct answer absence of antigen D
,anemia correct answer causes a reduction in oxygen transport,
basic problem is hemoglobin deficit
oxygen deficit leads to correct answer less energy production
in all cells, tachycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction-
compensation mechanisms
general signs of anemia correct answer fatigue, pallor,
dyspnea, tachycardia, decreased regeneration of epithelial cells,
severe anemia may lead to angina of CHF
iron deficiency anemia correct answer insufficient iron impairs
hemoglobin synthesis, microcytic (smaller) and hypochromic (less
color)
etiology of iron deficiency anemia correct answer dietary
intake of iron below minimum, chronic blood loss, impaired
duodenal absorption of iron, severe liver disease
signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia correct answer
general signs of anemia + spoon shaped and ridged nails, brittle
hair, stomatitis, glossitis, menstrual irregularities, delayed healing
pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) correct answer
lack of intrinsic factor, intrinsic factor secreted by gastric mucosa,
required for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12, B12 needed for
function of neurons (demylination). Macrocytic (larger) and
hyperchromic (more color), enlarged tongue
, etiology of pernicious anemia correct answer dietary
insufficiency, malabsorption, surgery, such as gastrectomy
signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia correct answer
general signs, tongue enlarged, red, sore, and shiny, digestive
discomfort, feeling of pins and needles (paresthesia), tingling of
limbs
aplastic anemia correct answer impairment or failure of bone
marrow leading to loss of stem cells and pancytopenia (decrease
in RBC's/WBC's and Platelets). Normocytosis (regular cells just not
enough of them)
pancytopenia correct answer decreased numbers of
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in the blood
etiology of aplastic anemia correct answer myelotoxins
(suppressed bone marrow): radiation, industrial chemicals, drugs,
genetic abnormalities, hep C, SLE
signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia correct answer general
signs, leukopenia (recurrent infection), thrombocytopenia
(excessive bleeding, petechiae)
sickle cell anemia correct answer caused by genetic condition,
autosomal recessive disorder, more common in Africans
etiology of sickle cell anemia correct answer abnormal
hemoglobin, sickle cell crisis occurs whenever oxygen levels are
2 WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
2026
systemic circulation correct answer exchange of gases,
nutrients, and wastes in tissues
pulmonary circulation correct answer gas exchange in the
lungs
function of plasma proteins correct answer osmotic pressure,
antibody, and blood clots
erythrocytes correct answer contain hemoglobin, life span of
about 120 days
erythropoietin correct answer produced in the kidney,
stimulates erythrocyte production
3 steps of blood clotting (hemostasis) correct answer 1.
vasoconstriction of vascular spasm after injury 2. platelet clot 3.
coagulation mechanism
Rh+ correct answer antigen D in plasma membrane
Rh- correct answer absence of antigen D
,anemia correct answer causes a reduction in oxygen transport,
basic problem is hemoglobin deficit
oxygen deficit leads to correct answer less energy production
in all cells, tachycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction-
compensation mechanisms
general signs of anemia correct answer fatigue, pallor,
dyspnea, tachycardia, decreased regeneration of epithelial cells,
severe anemia may lead to angina of CHF
iron deficiency anemia correct answer insufficient iron impairs
hemoglobin synthesis, microcytic (smaller) and hypochromic (less
color)
etiology of iron deficiency anemia correct answer dietary
intake of iron below minimum, chronic blood loss, impaired
duodenal absorption of iron, severe liver disease
signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia correct answer
general signs of anemia + spoon shaped and ridged nails, brittle
hair, stomatitis, glossitis, menstrual irregularities, delayed healing
pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) correct answer
lack of intrinsic factor, intrinsic factor secreted by gastric mucosa,
required for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12, B12 needed for
function of neurons (demylination). Macrocytic (larger) and
hyperchromic (more color), enlarged tongue
, etiology of pernicious anemia correct answer dietary
insufficiency, malabsorption, surgery, such as gastrectomy
signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia correct answer
general signs, tongue enlarged, red, sore, and shiny, digestive
discomfort, feeling of pins and needles (paresthesia), tingling of
limbs
aplastic anemia correct answer impairment or failure of bone
marrow leading to loss of stem cells and pancytopenia (decrease
in RBC's/WBC's and Platelets). Normocytosis (regular cells just not
enough of them)
pancytopenia correct answer decreased numbers of
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in the blood
etiology of aplastic anemia correct answer myelotoxins
(suppressed bone marrow): radiation, industrial chemicals, drugs,
genetic abnormalities, hep C, SLE
signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia correct answer general
signs, leukopenia (recurrent infection), thrombocytopenia
(excessive bleeding, petechiae)
sickle cell anemia correct answer caused by genetic condition,
autosomal recessive disorder, more common in Africans
etiology of sickle cell anemia correct answer abnormal
hemoglobin, sickle cell crisis occurs whenever oxygen levels are
