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1. Chamberlain University-Illinois
2. NR 222
Microbiology Exam 3 Chamberlain
Questions and Answers 2026 Latest Update
What is the first line of defense? Ans: Barriers to keep microbes from
penetrating sterile body compartments
What are the two types of first line of defense? Ans: Chemical and Physical
barriers
What do the physical barriers include? Ans: Skin, hair follicles, and sweat
glands.
Mucous membranes
What do the chemical barriers include? Ans: Lysosomes: found in tears and
saliva: hydrolyzes peptidoglycan
Which defense includes non-specific immune responses? Ans: 1st and 2nd
When you have an allergic response, which WBC will respond? Ans:
Basophils
are low in allergy and inflammation
Where are lysosomes found? Ans: Tears, saliva, sweat and nasal secretions.
Phagocytes are what type of cells? Ans: Neutrophils, Macrophages and
Dendritic cells.
What is the most numerous WBC? Ans: Neutrophils (55-90%)
What happens in the body during inflammation? Ans: Mast cells release
histamines and other chemicals.
-vasodilation
-additional blood-> Erythema (skin reddening)
© 2026 All rights reserved
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-additional plasma leaks out and injured area swells (Edema)
-clots form
-healing begins
What is edema? Ans: Swelling caused by a fluid imbalance in cells
What is the third line of defense? Ans: adaptive immunity and specific
memory response > B&T cells
What are macrophages? Ans: largest WBC that matures into macrophages
What type of cells secretes antibodies? Ans: B cells which are plasma and
memory cells
When B cells divide, they turn into which cells? Ans: plasma cells which
secrete antibodies
What is the first antibody produced in primary response? Ans: IgM
What is the shape of IgM? Ans: Pentamer
What is IgG? Ans: The most common class crosses the placenta, secondary
and late primary immune response. Long term immunity.
What is the shape of IgG? Ans: Monomer
What is IgA? Ans: Secretory antibody (mucosal antibody)
Mucous membrane (saliva, tears), GI tract
-buys time for body to ID invaders
Breast milk
has 8 binding sites
What is the shape of IgA antibody? Ans: Dimer and Monomer
What is the IgD antibody? Ans: receptor on B cells
What is the shape of IgD antibody? Ans: Monomer
© 2026 All rights reserved
1. Chamberlain University-Illinois
2. NR 222
Microbiology Exam 3 Chamberlain
Questions and Answers 2026 Latest Update
What is the first line of defense? Ans: Barriers to keep microbes from
penetrating sterile body compartments
What are the two types of first line of defense? Ans: Chemical and Physical
barriers
What do the physical barriers include? Ans: Skin, hair follicles, and sweat
glands.
Mucous membranes
What do the chemical barriers include? Ans: Lysosomes: found in tears and
saliva: hydrolyzes peptidoglycan
Which defense includes non-specific immune responses? Ans: 1st and 2nd
When you have an allergic response, which WBC will respond? Ans:
Basophils
are low in allergy and inflammation
Where are lysosomes found? Ans: Tears, saliva, sweat and nasal secretions.
Phagocytes are what type of cells? Ans: Neutrophils, Macrophages and
Dendritic cells.
What is the most numerous WBC? Ans: Neutrophils (55-90%)
What happens in the body during inflammation? Ans: Mast cells release
histamines and other chemicals.
-vasodilation
-additional blood-> Erythema (skin reddening)
© 2026 All rights reserved
, 2 | Page
-additional plasma leaks out and injured area swells (Edema)
-clots form
-healing begins
What is edema? Ans: Swelling caused by a fluid imbalance in cells
What is the third line of defense? Ans: adaptive immunity and specific
memory response > B&T cells
What are macrophages? Ans: largest WBC that matures into macrophages
What type of cells secretes antibodies? Ans: B cells which are plasma and
memory cells
When B cells divide, they turn into which cells? Ans: plasma cells which
secrete antibodies
What is the first antibody produced in primary response? Ans: IgM
What is the shape of IgM? Ans: Pentamer
What is IgG? Ans: The most common class crosses the placenta, secondary
and late primary immune response. Long term immunity.
What is the shape of IgG? Ans: Monomer
What is IgA? Ans: Secretory antibody (mucosal antibody)
Mucous membrane (saliva, tears), GI tract
-buys time for body to ID invaders
Breast milk
has 8 binding sites
What is the shape of IgA antibody? Ans: Dimer and Monomer
What is the IgD antibody? Ans: receptor on B cells
What is the shape of IgD antibody? Ans: Monomer
© 2026 All rights reserved
