+92 317 2631567 www.muhammadyousufmemon.com
EARLY PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON
The Indians wanted to create as many problems for Pakistan as they could to
take the revenge of this partition.
They were having a miss-conception in their mind that due to these problems
the Muslims of newly born Pakistan would be sick of this liberty & they would
comeback & join with India again.
GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEM
We got two parts East Pakistan (Bengal & Sylhet) & West Pakistan (Sindh,
Punjab, and Baluchistan& NWFP).
The Princely states like Swat, Chitral, Dir, Amb, Hunza, Gilgit, & Bhawalpur
also joined Pakistan.
It was not having clear borders.
Both the parts were far away from each other nearly 1000 miles apart with
the Indian Territory in between.
Karachi was declared as capital of Pakistan so it was very difficult for West
Pakistan to control East Pakistan.
Bengal & Punjab were the largest Muslim areas but except religion there was
nothing similar between them.
This problem had no solution.
FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT
India inherited a set of government while we had to start from scratch.
India had members of Congress who were well versed to run the govt. while
in Pakistan the members of Constituent Assembly were mostly landlords &
they were unaware of political & administrative machinery.
After the partition many skilled & qualified people were left in India, which
caused great problem to run the govt. machinery.
Jinnah made special arrangements to solve this problem & he sent special
trains to take the qualified people back.
An agreement with TATA Air of India was also signed for this purpose.
Jinnah hired private buildings for govt. offices.
He himself became the Governor General of Pakistan & Liaquat Ali Khan was
given the post of Prime Minister of Pakistan.
OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/01 I SECTION 3 I NOTES
, +92 317 2631567 www.muhammadyousufmemon.com
DIVISION OF ARMED & MILITARY ASSETS
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON
The British C-in-C Field Marshal Auchinleck wanted the unity of Indian
armed forces.
On the insistence of Muslim League C-in-C on 3rd June 1947 was entrusted to
dividing the armed forces and army assets.
The assets were to be divided with a ratio of 36% and 64% between Pakistan
and India.
At that time 16 Ordinance factories were present in India and none was
given to Pakistan.
It was decided that the Muslim regiment would go to Pakistan & the Hindu
regiment to India.
Pakistan Army consisted of 150,000 men 4,000 officers were needed but
only 2,500 officers were present.
Jinnah was forced to take 500 British Officers temporarily.
The equipments that were given to Pakistan were mostly in shabby condition.
The machinery was obsolete and out of order.
Pakistan got 60 Million Rupees and an ordinance factory was established at
Wah Cantt.
Quaid gave special commissions to Pakistani cadets & the time period of
training also reduced to get more officers.
Due to this unjust & delayed delivery of military assets & armed forces
Pakistan became so weak from defense point of view.
Pakistan (6 armour divisions, 8 artillery divisions and 8 infantry divisions)
India (14 armour divisions, 40 artillery divisions and 21 infantry divisions)
WHY DIVISION OF ARMED FORCES A PROBLEM FOR PAKISTAN?
The muslim soldiers opted for Pakistan while non-muslims joined India. But
there was a great shortage of army officers because the number of muslim
army officers in british army was very small in comparison to hindu army
officers.
Large army stores were located on Indian side. India was very unfair in the
division of army equipment and supplies. The military equipment which was
sent to Pakistan mostly consisted of obsolete, damaged damaged and
unusable material.
Field Marshal Auchinleck who supervised the division of armed forces
resigned before completing the job. Pakistan could not get its rightful share
and division of assets proved to be a problem for Pakistan. Pakistan could not
OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/01 I SECTION 3 I NOTES
, +92 317 2631567 www.muhammadyousufmemon.com
get any ordinance factory out of 16. Only 6 armour divisons were given out of
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON
20, only 8 artillery divisions were given out of 48 and only 8 infantry
divisions out of 29.
DIVISION OF FINANCIAL ASSETS
At the time of partition there was a cash balance of 4 billion rupees, in
Reserve Bank of India.
Pakistan’s share was 750 million rupees.
First installment of 200 million rupees was given but on the advice of Sardar
Patel the remaining amount was not given to Pakistan due to Kashmir problem.
They thought that Pakistan would get weapons & they would be used against
them.
They demanded that Pakistan should stop fighting in Kashmir & wanted to
make Pakistan bankrupt by stopping the finance.
Gandhi was determined that the division of assets should be fair and took
steps to persuade India to pay due money. He used the threat of hunger
strike.
Due to Gandhi’s threat of hunger strike 500 million rupees were given to
Pakistan and 50 million rupees have not been paid yet.
ECONOMICAL PROBLEM
Pakistan was an undeveloped country. Karachi was the only developed port
city along with other 7 cities with more than 100,000 people otherwise about
90% people were living in villages. It was a poor country because its major
industries, agriculture were not developed to meet the requirements of
industrialization.
In 1947 East Pakistan was producing about 70% of the world’s Jute which
was a source of foreign exchange earning but due to partition Pakistan could
not get even a single Jute mill &they all were located in India.
10% of industrial enterprises, 6.5% of industrial workers, 5% electrical
capacity and 10% of mineral deposits were only provided to Pakistan.
Jinnah sent delegations & asked for the funds from other foreign countries
and asked the government to set up the State Bank of Pakistan on 1 stJuly
1948.
In 1948 Jinnah's Industrial Policy made it essential to increase
industrialization quick & to attract the local investors.
Jinnah also made a temporary agreement with India regarding Canal Water
to increase the efficiency of the agro – based industries of Pakistan.
OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/01 I SECTION 3 I NOTES
, +92 317 2631567 www.muhammadyousufmemon.com
REFUGEE PROBLEM
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON
It was perhaps the biggest migration of the world history because millions of
people were migrating from India to Pakistan or the other direction.
Some of the worst scene of communal violence were observed in which about
one million people lost their lives &millions were made homeless.
At the time of partition the Hindus and Sikhs had chalked out a plan for the
massacre of Muslim refugees migrating to Pakistan.
They slaughtered the migrants in cold blood.
Women were raped and young girls were abducted.
Children were killed in front of parents & the people in trains were
slaughtered. When these refugees reached Pakistan they put a burden on its
economy and there was a shortage of doctors and medicines.
Jinnah shifted his head quarter from Karachi to Lahore to keep an eye
directly on the migration.
He also announced “Quaid-e-Azam Relief Fund” in which the rich people
gave charity to help the poor.
Satellite towns were also established to give shelter to the homeless people.
WHY WAS PAKISTAN FACED WITH A REFUGEE PROBLEM?
The Boundary Award had made the problems worse between the two. Since
Pakistan had become independent so Muslims were leaving India for their
homeland, often with little or no possessions. The boundary division was
unjust; a number of Muslim-majority areas like Gurdaspur and Ferozpur were
given to India where the Muslims were not feeling secure. They were now
vulnerable to the barbarities of Hindus and Pakistan was unable to help them
across the border. They therefore left their homes, land and businesses and
joined the migrating caravans towards Pakistan. This burdened the newly
established govt of Pakistan.
Many parts of India had already seen worst scenes of Hindu-Muslim riots
just before partition in 1947. The Hindus and Sikhs in Eastern Punjab were
particularly fully charged with anti-Muslim sentiments. In such areas, a large
number of Muslims were ruthlessly killed; entire Muslim villages were
destroyed. Women were disrespected and even children were slaughtered.
There were reports that local Indian authorities were also supporting the
violent Hindu mobs. Under such circumstances, the Muslims had no option
except to seek refuge in a safe place and therefore they migrated to
Pakistan on large scale to escape the brutalities of Hindus.
OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/01 I SECTION 3 I NOTES
EARLY PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON
The Indians wanted to create as many problems for Pakistan as they could to
take the revenge of this partition.
They were having a miss-conception in their mind that due to these problems
the Muslims of newly born Pakistan would be sick of this liberty & they would
comeback & join with India again.
GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEM
We got two parts East Pakistan (Bengal & Sylhet) & West Pakistan (Sindh,
Punjab, and Baluchistan& NWFP).
The Princely states like Swat, Chitral, Dir, Amb, Hunza, Gilgit, & Bhawalpur
also joined Pakistan.
It was not having clear borders.
Both the parts were far away from each other nearly 1000 miles apart with
the Indian Territory in between.
Karachi was declared as capital of Pakistan so it was very difficult for West
Pakistan to control East Pakistan.
Bengal & Punjab were the largest Muslim areas but except religion there was
nothing similar between them.
This problem had no solution.
FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT
India inherited a set of government while we had to start from scratch.
India had members of Congress who were well versed to run the govt. while
in Pakistan the members of Constituent Assembly were mostly landlords &
they were unaware of political & administrative machinery.
After the partition many skilled & qualified people were left in India, which
caused great problem to run the govt. machinery.
Jinnah made special arrangements to solve this problem & he sent special
trains to take the qualified people back.
An agreement with TATA Air of India was also signed for this purpose.
Jinnah hired private buildings for govt. offices.
He himself became the Governor General of Pakistan & Liaquat Ali Khan was
given the post of Prime Minister of Pakistan.
OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/01 I SECTION 3 I NOTES
, +92 317 2631567 www.muhammadyousufmemon.com
DIVISION OF ARMED & MILITARY ASSETS
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON
The British C-in-C Field Marshal Auchinleck wanted the unity of Indian
armed forces.
On the insistence of Muslim League C-in-C on 3rd June 1947 was entrusted to
dividing the armed forces and army assets.
The assets were to be divided with a ratio of 36% and 64% between Pakistan
and India.
At that time 16 Ordinance factories were present in India and none was
given to Pakistan.
It was decided that the Muslim regiment would go to Pakistan & the Hindu
regiment to India.
Pakistan Army consisted of 150,000 men 4,000 officers were needed but
only 2,500 officers were present.
Jinnah was forced to take 500 British Officers temporarily.
The equipments that were given to Pakistan were mostly in shabby condition.
The machinery was obsolete and out of order.
Pakistan got 60 Million Rupees and an ordinance factory was established at
Wah Cantt.
Quaid gave special commissions to Pakistani cadets & the time period of
training also reduced to get more officers.
Due to this unjust & delayed delivery of military assets & armed forces
Pakistan became so weak from defense point of view.
Pakistan (6 armour divisions, 8 artillery divisions and 8 infantry divisions)
India (14 armour divisions, 40 artillery divisions and 21 infantry divisions)
WHY DIVISION OF ARMED FORCES A PROBLEM FOR PAKISTAN?
The muslim soldiers opted for Pakistan while non-muslims joined India. But
there was a great shortage of army officers because the number of muslim
army officers in british army was very small in comparison to hindu army
officers.
Large army stores were located on Indian side. India was very unfair in the
division of army equipment and supplies. The military equipment which was
sent to Pakistan mostly consisted of obsolete, damaged damaged and
unusable material.
Field Marshal Auchinleck who supervised the division of armed forces
resigned before completing the job. Pakistan could not get its rightful share
and division of assets proved to be a problem for Pakistan. Pakistan could not
OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/01 I SECTION 3 I NOTES
, +92 317 2631567 www.muhammadyousufmemon.com
get any ordinance factory out of 16. Only 6 armour divisons were given out of
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON
20, only 8 artillery divisions were given out of 48 and only 8 infantry
divisions out of 29.
DIVISION OF FINANCIAL ASSETS
At the time of partition there was a cash balance of 4 billion rupees, in
Reserve Bank of India.
Pakistan’s share was 750 million rupees.
First installment of 200 million rupees was given but on the advice of Sardar
Patel the remaining amount was not given to Pakistan due to Kashmir problem.
They thought that Pakistan would get weapons & they would be used against
them.
They demanded that Pakistan should stop fighting in Kashmir & wanted to
make Pakistan bankrupt by stopping the finance.
Gandhi was determined that the division of assets should be fair and took
steps to persuade India to pay due money. He used the threat of hunger
strike.
Due to Gandhi’s threat of hunger strike 500 million rupees were given to
Pakistan and 50 million rupees have not been paid yet.
ECONOMICAL PROBLEM
Pakistan was an undeveloped country. Karachi was the only developed port
city along with other 7 cities with more than 100,000 people otherwise about
90% people were living in villages. It was a poor country because its major
industries, agriculture were not developed to meet the requirements of
industrialization.
In 1947 East Pakistan was producing about 70% of the world’s Jute which
was a source of foreign exchange earning but due to partition Pakistan could
not get even a single Jute mill &they all were located in India.
10% of industrial enterprises, 6.5% of industrial workers, 5% electrical
capacity and 10% of mineral deposits were only provided to Pakistan.
Jinnah sent delegations & asked for the funds from other foreign countries
and asked the government to set up the State Bank of Pakistan on 1 stJuly
1948.
In 1948 Jinnah's Industrial Policy made it essential to increase
industrialization quick & to attract the local investors.
Jinnah also made a temporary agreement with India regarding Canal Water
to increase the efficiency of the agro – based industries of Pakistan.
OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/01 I SECTION 3 I NOTES
, +92 317 2631567 www.muhammadyousufmemon.com
REFUGEE PROBLEM
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON
It was perhaps the biggest migration of the world history because millions of
people were migrating from India to Pakistan or the other direction.
Some of the worst scene of communal violence were observed in which about
one million people lost their lives &millions were made homeless.
At the time of partition the Hindus and Sikhs had chalked out a plan for the
massacre of Muslim refugees migrating to Pakistan.
They slaughtered the migrants in cold blood.
Women were raped and young girls were abducted.
Children were killed in front of parents & the people in trains were
slaughtered. When these refugees reached Pakistan they put a burden on its
economy and there was a shortage of doctors and medicines.
Jinnah shifted his head quarter from Karachi to Lahore to keep an eye
directly on the migration.
He also announced “Quaid-e-Azam Relief Fund” in which the rich people
gave charity to help the poor.
Satellite towns were also established to give shelter to the homeless people.
WHY WAS PAKISTAN FACED WITH A REFUGEE PROBLEM?
The Boundary Award had made the problems worse between the two. Since
Pakistan had become independent so Muslims were leaving India for their
homeland, often with little or no possessions. The boundary division was
unjust; a number of Muslim-majority areas like Gurdaspur and Ferozpur were
given to India where the Muslims were not feeling secure. They were now
vulnerable to the barbarities of Hindus and Pakistan was unable to help them
across the border. They therefore left their homes, land and businesses and
joined the migrating caravans towards Pakistan. This burdened the newly
established govt of Pakistan.
Many parts of India had already seen worst scenes of Hindu-Muslim riots
just before partition in 1947. The Hindus and Sikhs in Eastern Punjab were
particularly fully charged with anti-Muslim sentiments. In such areas, a large
number of Muslims were ruthlessly killed; entire Muslim villages were
destroyed. Women were disrespected and even children were slaughtered.
There were reports that local Indian authorities were also supporting the
violent Hindu mobs. Under such circumstances, the Muslims had no option
except to seek refuge in a safe place and therefore they migrated to
Pakistan on large scale to escape the brutalities of Hindus.
OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/01 I SECTION 3 I NOTES
