NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam 2026 | Complete Study Guide & Verified
Answers
Asthma - (answer)Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory response
in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - (answer)coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - (answer)-airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth
muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - (answer)smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - (answer)innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - (answer)the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - (answer)embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - (answer)white blood cells are present to help protect the airways
,NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam 2026 | Complete Study Guide & Verified
Answers
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - (answer)the WBCs protective
feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - (answer)columnar epithelial ells and mucus
producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - (answer)smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - (answer)control the airways ability to constrict
and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - (answer)When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to
bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - (answer)the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus
and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - (answer)-expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - (answer)tiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - (answer)These drugs block the effects of the
parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - (answer)the parasympathetic system is stimulated by the
vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to
cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
, NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam 2026 | Complete Study Guide & Verified
Answers
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial constriction
bronchitis - (answer)inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - (answer)bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion - (answer)The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the
body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - (answer)cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - (answer)there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions
for gas exchange
Right to left shunting - (answer)when blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and to the
left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis - (answer)-long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
Pathogenesis of bronchitis - (answer)-Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina propria
Answers
Asthma - (answer)Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory response
in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - (answer)coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - (answer)-airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth
muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - (answer)smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - (answer)innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - (answer)the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - (answer)embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - (answer)white blood cells are present to help protect the airways
,NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam 2026 | Complete Study Guide & Verified
Answers
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - (answer)the WBCs protective
feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - (answer)columnar epithelial ells and mucus
producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - (answer)smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - (answer)control the airways ability to constrict
and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - (answer)When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to
bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - (answer)the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus
and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - (answer)-expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - (answer)tiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - (answer)These drugs block the effects of the
parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - (answer)the parasympathetic system is stimulated by the
vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to
cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
, NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam 2026 | Complete Study Guide & Verified
Answers
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial constriction
bronchitis - (answer)inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - (answer)bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion - (answer)The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the
body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - (answer)cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - (answer)there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions
for gas exchange
Right to left shunting - (answer)when blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and to the
left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis - (answer)-long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
Pathogenesis of bronchitis - (answer)-Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina propria
