HED2601
Assignment 3
Due June 2026
, 1. Three significant changes brought by the Industrial Revolution
in Europe
The Industrial Revolution transformed both economic and social life. First, production
shifted from home-based craft systems to factory production. Machines replaced
manual labour, allowing goods to be produced faster and cheaper. This increased
productivity but also reduced traditional artisan work (Deane, 2013). Second, rapid
urbanisation occurred as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of factory
jobs. Cities such as Manchester grew quickly, often without proper housing or
sanitation, leading to overcrowding and poor living conditions (Stearns, 2018). Third,
family structures and social roles changed. Women and children entered the workforce,
altering traditional family roles and reducing time spent on childcare and home
education. This later contributed to the development of formal schooling and early
childcare systems (Heywood, 2017).
2. Two examples of parental ethno-theories
In many African communities, one common belief is that children should respect elders
and learn through observation. Children are expected to watch adults performing daily
tasks such as cooking or farming and gradually imitate them. This reflects a belief that
learning happens naturally through participation rather than formal instruction
(Nsamenang, 2006). Another belief is that communal upbringing strengthens character.
Many families believe that a child belongs to the community, meaning neighbours and
extended relatives help guide behaviour. For example, if a child misbehaves in public,
any elder may correct them. This reflects a cultural value that social responsibility is
more important than individual independence (Serpell, 2019).
3. Impact of each parental ethno-theory on development
Learning through observation can strengthen practical skills and independence.
Children develop problem-solving abilities and cultural identity early because they
actively participate in real tasks. However, it may limit exposure to abstract academic
Assignment 3
Due June 2026
, 1. Three significant changes brought by the Industrial Revolution
in Europe
The Industrial Revolution transformed both economic and social life. First, production
shifted from home-based craft systems to factory production. Machines replaced
manual labour, allowing goods to be produced faster and cheaper. This increased
productivity but also reduced traditional artisan work (Deane, 2013). Second, rapid
urbanisation occurred as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of factory
jobs. Cities such as Manchester grew quickly, often without proper housing or
sanitation, leading to overcrowding and poor living conditions (Stearns, 2018). Third,
family structures and social roles changed. Women and children entered the workforce,
altering traditional family roles and reducing time spent on childcare and home
education. This later contributed to the development of formal schooling and early
childcare systems (Heywood, 2017).
2. Two examples of parental ethno-theories
In many African communities, one common belief is that children should respect elders
and learn through observation. Children are expected to watch adults performing daily
tasks such as cooking or farming and gradually imitate them. This reflects a belief that
learning happens naturally through participation rather than formal instruction
(Nsamenang, 2006). Another belief is that communal upbringing strengthens character.
Many families believe that a child belongs to the community, meaning neighbours and
extended relatives help guide behaviour. For example, if a child misbehaves in public,
any elder may correct them. This reflects a cultural value that social responsibility is
more important than individual independence (Serpell, 2019).
3. Impact of each parental ethno-theory on development
Learning through observation can strengthen practical skills and independence.
Children develop problem-solving abilities and cultural identity early because they
actively participate in real tasks. However, it may limit exposure to abstract academic
