, SOLUTION MANUAL FOR Electrical Wiring
Commercial , 10th Edition Phil Simmons
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
Our email:
, Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Electrical Wiring: Commercial, 10Ce
Appendix C: Project Assignments
Project Assignment #1
New bakery service calculation that includes the new oven
New Oven
Power rating = 16,000 VA
16,000 / (208 × 1.732) = 44.41A (FLC)
44.41A × 1.25 = 55.51A (wire size)
CEC Table-2 @ 75 degrees 55.51A = #6 AWG conductors
CEC Table-13 55.51A = 60A (overcurrent)
Bakery Service feeder loading schedule
Total = 46,471.80 VA + 16,000 VA = 62,471.80 VA
62,471.80 / (208 × 1.732) = 173.41A
173.41 × 1.25 = 216.76A (minimum service size)
Create an updated panel schedule that includes the new breaker and changes
Create an as built drawing that includes the new oven
APPC-1 Copyright © 2025 Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
, Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Electrical Wiring: Commercial, 10Ce
Provide a material list for the branch circuit installation that includes all calculations for
overcurrent protection, wire size, conduit size, box size.
NOTE: Material lists will vary with various acceptable installation methods; the following
calculated values can be used for all installation methods:
Oven Wire Size = #6 AWG
Oven disconnect = 60A non fused
Oven Overcurrent = 60 A
Breaker = 3 Pole 60A
Bakery Service switch must be upgraded to a 400A fusible disconnect for all the following
service upgrade options:
Option 1
Install 225A panel with a 225A main breaker to increase service to 225A.
Min Bakery Service conductor = 4/0
Max Bakery Service fuses = 225 A
Option 2
Install a 400A load centre to increase the service to 300A
Min Bakery Service conductor = Parallel 1/0
Max Bakery Service fuses = Max fuse 300 A
Option 3
Install a 400A load centre to increase the service to 400A
Min Bakery Service conductor = Parallel 3/0
Max Bakery Service fuses = Max fuse 400 A
Note: Options 2 and 3 do not provide the Bakery a local disconnecting means. If a disconnect is
requested by the owner, an additional 400A non fusible disconnect will be required.
Provided that the switchgear has physical space to mount a 400A switch, no additional material
will be needed for the main building service as it does not need to be upgraded.
Determine the impact the new oven will have on the electrical service by adding it to the
building service calculation.
TABLE 2-2 Main Service Loading Schedule.
Tenant Area Demand on Service Conductor
Owner’s area 40 044.48 W
Bakery 44 321.80 W + 16 000W = 60 321.80W
Drugstore 21 021 W
Insurance office 32 571 W
Beauty salon 21 195 W
APPC-2 Copyright © 2025 Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
, Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Electrical Wiring: Commercial, 10Ce
Tenant Area Demand on Service Conductor
Doctor’s office 13 874 W
New Subtotal 189 027.28 W
Boiler 150 000 W Rule 62-118 4)
New Total 339 027.28 W
New Main Service Calculation
339,027.28 / (208 × 1.732) = 941.07A
941.07 × 1.25 = 1176.34A
1176. = 392.11A = 750 kcmil conductors (same size conductors as existing, no main
service upgrade needed)
Suggestions
1) Do not use electric ovens.
a. Based on the average electricity cost in Canada, this is not a cost-effective method for
commercial baking. Gas ovens would be a great recommendation to the owner, and they
will provide a quick return on investment from the reduced energy costs. If this option
were entertained, it would likely have the owner replacing the existing oven with a gas
model as well.
b. With a gas oven, the service will not need to be upgraded. Also, if the original oven is
replaced with a gas model, it will reduce the load on the electrical system providing more
room for growth.
2) Exceed the minimum 225A service requirements and install a 400A service. This will
provide some room for growth at a marginal cost increase if done during the original
construction.
APPC-3 Copyright © 2025 Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
, Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Electrical Wiring: Commercial, 10Ce
Project Assignment #2
Distribution Transformer Calculation
75KVA 600 volt primary 120/208V 3ph-4wire secondary
Maximum Primary Fuse Rule 26-254 (1,3)
IP = P/ √3 × EP = 75,000 / √3 × 600
IP = 72.17 A
IP × 125% = 72.17 × 1.25 = 90.21 A
90A Fuse
If Rule 26-254(3) Next Higher Standard Rated Table 13 Is Applied
100A Fuse
Size of Disconnect on the primary side Rule 26-248
100A Fusible Disconnect
Size of Panel on the secondary side Rule 14-606 (2)
Using 100A
IP × EP = IS × Es
IS = (IP × EP)/Es = (100 × 600)/208
IS = 288.46A min
400A Panel is required
Using 90A
IP × EP = IS × Es
IS = (IP × EP)/Es = (90 × 600)/208
IS = 259.6A min
400A Panel is required
Size of copper T90 conductors from: (termination temperature 75°C)
Main power to the line side of disconnect? Rule 14-100 (bi)
Size wires to 100A disconnect
Table 2 - #3 T90 (100A - 75°C)
Load side of disconnect to transformer Rule 26-256(1a) and 14-104 – Table 13
Not less than 125% of the rated primary current
125% × 72.17 = 90.21A
Table 2 - #3 T90 (100A - 75°C)
APPC-4 Copyright © 2025 Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
, Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Electrical Wiring: Commercial, 10Ce
Transformer to Panel Rule 26-256(2a) (4) 14-104(1a)
IS = P/ √3 × ES = 75,000 / √3 × 208
IS = 208.18A
Not LESS THAN 125% of rated secondary current
IS × 125% = 208.18 × 1.25 = 260.2 A
Table 2 - 300 kcmil T90 (285A - 75°C)
If Rule 26-254(3) Next Higher Standard Rated Table 13 Is Applied
100A Fuse
IP × EP = IS × Es
IS = (IP × EP)/Es = (100 × 600)/208
IS = 288.46A min
Table 2 - 350 kcmil T90 (310A - 75°C)
Size of EMT conduit from: Rule 12-910
Main power to disconnect
3 - #3 T90
Table 6K - 62.8mm² × 3 = 188.4mm²
Table 9G - 40% EMT - 27mm = 215.65mm²
use a 27mm Trade size
Disconnect to transformer
3 - #3 T90
Table 6K - 62.8mm² × 3 = 188.4mm²
Table 9G - 40% EMT - 27mm = 215.65mm²
use a 27mm Trade size
Transformer to Panel
4 – 300kcmil T90
Table 6K - 297mm² × 4 = 1188mm²
Table 9G - 40% EMT - 63mm = 1513.1mm²
use a 63mm Trade size
If Rule 26-254(3) Next Higher Standard Rated Table 13 Is Applied
100A Fuse
4 – 350kcmil T90
Table 6K - 336mm² × 4 = 1344mm²
Table 9G - 40% EMT - 63mm = 1513.1mm²
use a 63mm Trade size
Size of bonding jumper on the secondary Rule 10-616(2)
Table 16
#4 AWG
APPC-5 Copyright © 2025 Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
, Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Electrical Wiring: Commercial, 10Ce
If Rule 26-254(3) Next Higher Standard Rated Table 13 Is Applied
100A Fuse
IP × EP = IS × Es
IS = (IP × EP)/Es = (100 × 600)/208
IS = 288.46A min
Table 16
#4 AWG
Using 60A primary fuse on a 3 phase 75 KVA 600V primary 120/208 3 phase 4 wire secondary
Size of disconnect on the primary side Rule 26-248
60A 3 phase 600v disconnect
Size of panel on the secondary side Rule 14-606 (2)
IP × E p = IS × E s
IS = (IP × Ep) / Es
= (60 × 600) / 208
= 173.07A
200A Panel is required
For the following, indicate the size of T90 copper conductors: (Termination Temp 75˚C)
a. Main power to line side of disconnect? Rule 14-100 (bi)
Size wires to 60A disconnect
Table 2 - #6 T90 (65amps @ 75˚C)
b. Load side of disconnect to primary side of transformer? Rule 14-104
Size wires to 60A fuse
Table 2 - #6 T90 (65amps @ 75˚C)
c. Transformer secondary to panel Rule 14-104, 14-606 (2), 26-256 (4) (App B)
I P × E p = IS × E s
IS = (IP × Ep) / Es
= (60 × 600) / 208
= 173.07A
OR
VA = ELP × ILP × 1.732
= 600 × 60 × 1.732
= 62,352 VA
APPC-6 Copyright © 2025 Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
, Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Electrical Wiring: Commercial, 10Ce
VA = ELS × ILS × 1.732
ILS = VA / (ELS × 1.732)
= 62,352 / (208 × 1.732)
= 173.07A Table 2 - 2/0 T90 (175amps @ 75˚C)
Using 70A primary fuse on a 3 phase 75 KVA 600V primary 120/208 3 phase 4 wire secondary
Size of disconnect on the primary side Rule 26-248
100A 3 phase 600v disconnect
Size of panel on the secondary side Rule 14-606 (2)
IP × E p = IS × E s
IS = (IP × Ep) / Es
= (70 × 600) / 208
= 201.92 Amps
225A Panel is required
For the following indicate the size of T90 copper conductors: (Termination Temp 75˚C)
a. Main power to line side of disconnect Rule 14-100 (bi)
Size wires to 100 amp disconnect
Table 2 - #3 T90 (100amps @ 75˚C)
b. Load side of disconnect to primary side of transformer Rule 14-104
Size wires to 70A fuse
Table 2 - #4 T90 (85amps @ 75˚C)
c. Transformer secondary to panel Rule 14-104, 14-606 (2), 26-256 (4) (App B)
I P × E p = IS × E s
IS = (IP × Ep) / Es
= (70 × 600) / 208
= 201.92A
OR
VA = ELP × ILP × 1.732
= 600 × 70 × 1.732
= 72,744 VA
VA = ELS × ILS × 1.732
ILS = VA / (ELS × 1.732)
= 72,744 / (208 × 1.732)
= 201.92A Table 2 - 4/0 T90 (230amps @ 75˚C)
APPC-7 Copyright © 2025 Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
, Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Electrical Wiring: Commercial, 10Ce
Project Assignment #3
Replacing RW90 XLPE unjacketed Copper conductors with RW90 XLPE unjacketed Aluminum
conductors.
Main conductors from secondary side of 350KVA transformer to main switchgear.
350,000VA / (208 × 1.732) = 972.65A
Conductor size = 972.65 × 125% = 1215.8 amps Rule 26-256 (2)
1215. = 303.95A
Using Table D11B column 5 – 4/Phase Detail 4
346 × 0.886 = 306.55A
Therefore, we require 4 – 750 kcmil RW90 XLPE unjacketed aluminum per conduit.
Conduit size
750 kcmil RW90 XLPE unjacketed Table 6A = 680 mm2
680 mm2 × 4 conductors = 2720 mm2
Table 9G, under rigid PVC conduit, the 40% column, states that a 103 mm = 3147.88 mm2
Therefore, four conduits each of 103 mm rigid PVC are used from the transformer to the
switchgear with four 750 kcmil RW90 XLPE unjacketed aluminum.
Insurance Office
125 amps Table 4, 75˚C column = 2/0 Aluminum RW90 XLPE unjacketed Conductor
Conduit size
2/0 RW90-XLPE unjacketed Table 6A = 142 mm2
142 mm2 × 4 conductors = 568 mm2
Table 9G, under rigid metal conduit, the 40% column, states that a 53 mm = 879.48 mm2
Therefore, four 2/0 Aluminum RW90 XLPE unjacketed Conductors within a 53 mm rigid metal
conduit.
Bakery
175 amps Table 4, 75˚C column = 4/0 Aluminum RW90 XLPE unjacketed Conductor
Conduit size
4/0 RW90-XLPE unjacketed Table 6A = 207 mm2
207 mm2 × 4 conductors = 828 mm2
APPC-8 Copyright © 2025 Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
Commercial , 10th Edition Phil Simmons
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
Our email:
, Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Electrical Wiring: Commercial, 10Ce
Appendix C: Project Assignments
Project Assignment #1
New bakery service calculation that includes the new oven
New Oven
Power rating = 16,000 VA
16,000 / (208 × 1.732) = 44.41A (FLC)
44.41A × 1.25 = 55.51A (wire size)
CEC Table-2 @ 75 degrees 55.51A = #6 AWG conductors
CEC Table-13 55.51A = 60A (overcurrent)
Bakery Service feeder loading schedule
Total = 46,471.80 VA + 16,000 VA = 62,471.80 VA
62,471.80 / (208 × 1.732) = 173.41A
173.41 × 1.25 = 216.76A (minimum service size)
Create an updated panel schedule that includes the new breaker and changes
Create an as built drawing that includes the new oven
APPC-1 Copyright © 2025 Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
, Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Electrical Wiring: Commercial, 10Ce
Provide a material list for the branch circuit installation that includes all calculations for
overcurrent protection, wire size, conduit size, box size.
NOTE: Material lists will vary with various acceptable installation methods; the following
calculated values can be used for all installation methods:
Oven Wire Size = #6 AWG
Oven disconnect = 60A non fused
Oven Overcurrent = 60 A
Breaker = 3 Pole 60A
Bakery Service switch must be upgraded to a 400A fusible disconnect for all the following
service upgrade options:
Option 1
Install 225A panel with a 225A main breaker to increase service to 225A.
Min Bakery Service conductor = 4/0
Max Bakery Service fuses = 225 A
Option 2
Install a 400A load centre to increase the service to 300A
Min Bakery Service conductor = Parallel 1/0
Max Bakery Service fuses = Max fuse 300 A
Option 3
Install a 400A load centre to increase the service to 400A
Min Bakery Service conductor = Parallel 3/0
Max Bakery Service fuses = Max fuse 400 A
Note: Options 2 and 3 do not provide the Bakery a local disconnecting means. If a disconnect is
requested by the owner, an additional 400A non fusible disconnect will be required.
Provided that the switchgear has physical space to mount a 400A switch, no additional material
will be needed for the main building service as it does not need to be upgraded.
Determine the impact the new oven will have on the electrical service by adding it to the
building service calculation.
TABLE 2-2 Main Service Loading Schedule.
Tenant Area Demand on Service Conductor
Owner’s area 40 044.48 W
Bakery 44 321.80 W + 16 000W = 60 321.80W
Drugstore 21 021 W
Insurance office 32 571 W
Beauty salon 21 195 W
APPC-2 Copyright © 2025 Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
, Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Electrical Wiring: Commercial, 10Ce
Tenant Area Demand on Service Conductor
Doctor’s office 13 874 W
New Subtotal 189 027.28 W
Boiler 150 000 W Rule 62-118 4)
New Total 339 027.28 W
New Main Service Calculation
339,027.28 / (208 × 1.732) = 941.07A
941.07 × 1.25 = 1176.34A
1176. = 392.11A = 750 kcmil conductors (same size conductors as existing, no main
service upgrade needed)
Suggestions
1) Do not use electric ovens.
a. Based on the average electricity cost in Canada, this is not a cost-effective method for
commercial baking. Gas ovens would be a great recommendation to the owner, and they
will provide a quick return on investment from the reduced energy costs. If this option
were entertained, it would likely have the owner replacing the existing oven with a gas
model as well.
b. With a gas oven, the service will not need to be upgraded. Also, if the original oven is
replaced with a gas model, it will reduce the load on the electrical system providing more
room for growth.
2) Exceed the minimum 225A service requirements and install a 400A service. This will
provide some room for growth at a marginal cost increase if done during the original
construction.
APPC-3 Copyright © 2025 Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
, Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Electrical Wiring: Commercial, 10Ce
Project Assignment #2
Distribution Transformer Calculation
75KVA 600 volt primary 120/208V 3ph-4wire secondary
Maximum Primary Fuse Rule 26-254 (1,3)
IP = P/ √3 × EP = 75,000 / √3 × 600
IP = 72.17 A
IP × 125% = 72.17 × 1.25 = 90.21 A
90A Fuse
If Rule 26-254(3) Next Higher Standard Rated Table 13 Is Applied
100A Fuse
Size of Disconnect on the primary side Rule 26-248
100A Fusible Disconnect
Size of Panel on the secondary side Rule 14-606 (2)
Using 100A
IP × EP = IS × Es
IS = (IP × EP)/Es = (100 × 600)/208
IS = 288.46A min
400A Panel is required
Using 90A
IP × EP = IS × Es
IS = (IP × EP)/Es = (90 × 600)/208
IS = 259.6A min
400A Panel is required
Size of copper T90 conductors from: (termination temperature 75°C)
Main power to the line side of disconnect? Rule 14-100 (bi)
Size wires to 100A disconnect
Table 2 - #3 T90 (100A - 75°C)
Load side of disconnect to transformer Rule 26-256(1a) and 14-104 – Table 13
Not less than 125% of the rated primary current
125% × 72.17 = 90.21A
Table 2 - #3 T90 (100A - 75°C)
APPC-4 Copyright © 2025 Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
, Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Electrical Wiring: Commercial, 10Ce
Transformer to Panel Rule 26-256(2a) (4) 14-104(1a)
IS = P/ √3 × ES = 75,000 / √3 × 208
IS = 208.18A
Not LESS THAN 125% of rated secondary current
IS × 125% = 208.18 × 1.25 = 260.2 A
Table 2 - 300 kcmil T90 (285A - 75°C)
If Rule 26-254(3) Next Higher Standard Rated Table 13 Is Applied
100A Fuse
IP × EP = IS × Es
IS = (IP × EP)/Es = (100 × 600)/208
IS = 288.46A min
Table 2 - 350 kcmil T90 (310A - 75°C)
Size of EMT conduit from: Rule 12-910
Main power to disconnect
3 - #3 T90
Table 6K - 62.8mm² × 3 = 188.4mm²
Table 9G - 40% EMT - 27mm = 215.65mm²
use a 27mm Trade size
Disconnect to transformer
3 - #3 T90
Table 6K - 62.8mm² × 3 = 188.4mm²
Table 9G - 40% EMT - 27mm = 215.65mm²
use a 27mm Trade size
Transformer to Panel
4 – 300kcmil T90
Table 6K - 297mm² × 4 = 1188mm²
Table 9G - 40% EMT - 63mm = 1513.1mm²
use a 63mm Trade size
If Rule 26-254(3) Next Higher Standard Rated Table 13 Is Applied
100A Fuse
4 – 350kcmil T90
Table 6K - 336mm² × 4 = 1344mm²
Table 9G - 40% EMT - 63mm = 1513.1mm²
use a 63mm Trade size
Size of bonding jumper on the secondary Rule 10-616(2)
Table 16
#4 AWG
APPC-5 Copyright © 2025 Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
, Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Electrical Wiring: Commercial, 10Ce
If Rule 26-254(3) Next Higher Standard Rated Table 13 Is Applied
100A Fuse
IP × EP = IS × Es
IS = (IP × EP)/Es = (100 × 600)/208
IS = 288.46A min
Table 16
#4 AWG
Using 60A primary fuse on a 3 phase 75 KVA 600V primary 120/208 3 phase 4 wire secondary
Size of disconnect on the primary side Rule 26-248
60A 3 phase 600v disconnect
Size of panel on the secondary side Rule 14-606 (2)
IP × E p = IS × E s
IS = (IP × Ep) / Es
= (60 × 600) / 208
= 173.07A
200A Panel is required
For the following, indicate the size of T90 copper conductors: (Termination Temp 75˚C)
a. Main power to line side of disconnect? Rule 14-100 (bi)
Size wires to 60A disconnect
Table 2 - #6 T90 (65amps @ 75˚C)
b. Load side of disconnect to primary side of transformer? Rule 14-104
Size wires to 60A fuse
Table 2 - #6 T90 (65amps @ 75˚C)
c. Transformer secondary to panel Rule 14-104, 14-606 (2), 26-256 (4) (App B)
I P × E p = IS × E s
IS = (IP × Ep) / Es
= (60 × 600) / 208
= 173.07A
OR
VA = ELP × ILP × 1.732
= 600 × 60 × 1.732
= 62,352 VA
APPC-6 Copyright © 2025 Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
, Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Electrical Wiring: Commercial, 10Ce
VA = ELS × ILS × 1.732
ILS = VA / (ELS × 1.732)
= 62,352 / (208 × 1.732)
= 173.07A Table 2 - 2/0 T90 (175amps @ 75˚C)
Using 70A primary fuse on a 3 phase 75 KVA 600V primary 120/208 3 phase 4 wire secondary
Size of disconnect on the primary side Rule 26-248
100A 3 phase 600v disconnect
Size of panel on the secondary side Rule 14-606 (2)
IP × E p = IS × E s
IS = (IP × Ep) / Es
= (70 × 600) / 208
= 201.92 Amps
225A Panel is required
For the following indicate the size of T90 copper conductors: (Termination Temp 75˚C)
a. Main power to line side of disconnect Rule 14-100 (bi)
Size wires to 100 amp disconnect
Table 2 - #3 T90 (100amps @ 75˚C)
b. Load side of disconnect to primary side of transformer Rule 14-104
Size wires to 70A fuse
Table 2 - #4 T90 (85amps @ 75˚C)
c. Transformer secondary to panel Rule 14-104, 14-606 (2), 26-256 (4) (App B)
I P × E p = IS × E s
IS = (IP × Ep) / Es
= (70 × 600) / 208
= 201.92A
OR
VA = ELP × ILP × 1.732
= 600 × 70 × 1.732
= 72,744 VA
VA = ELS × ILS × 1.732
ILS = VA / (ELS × 1.732)
= 72,744 / (208 × 1.732)
= 201.92A Table 2 - 4/0 T90 (230amps @ 75˚C)
APPC-7 Copyright © 2025 Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
, Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Electrical Wiring: Commercial, 10Ce
Project Assignment #3
Replacing RW90 XLPE unjacketed Copper conductors with RW90 XLPE unjacketed Aluminum
conductors.
Main conductors from secondary side of 350KVA transformer to main switchgear.
350,000VA / (208 × 1.732) = 972.65A
Conductor size = 972.65 × 125% = 1215.8 amps Rule 26-256 (2)
1215. = 303.95A
Using Table D11B column 5 – 4/Phase Detail 4
346 × 0.886 = 306.55A
Therefore, we require 4 – 750 kcmil RW90 XLPE unjacketed aluminum per conduit.
Conduit size
750 kcmil RW90 XLPE unjacketed Table 6A = 680 mm2
680 mm2 × 4 conductors = 2720 mm2
Table 9G, under rigid PVC conduit, the 40% column, states that a 103 mm = 3147.88 mm2
Therefore, four conduits each of 103 mm rigid PVC are used from the transformer to the
switchgear with four 750 kcmil RW90 XLPE unjacketed aluminum.
Insurance Office
125 amps Table 4, 75˚C column = 2/0 Aluminum RW90 XLPE unjacketed Conductor
Conduit size
2/0 RW90-XLPE unjacketed Table 6A = 142 mm2
142 mm2 × 4 conductors = 568 mm2
Table 9G, under rigid metal conduit, the 40% column, states that a 53 mm = 879.48 mm2
Therefore, four 2/0 Aluminum RW90 XLPE unjacketed Conductors within a 53 mm rigid metal
conduit.
Bakery
175 amps Table 4, 75˚C column = 4/0 Aluminum RW90 XLPE unjacketed Conductor
Conduit size
4/0 RW90-XLPE unjacketed Table 6A = 207 mm2
207 mm2 × 4 conductors = 828 mm2
APPC-8 Copyright © 2025 Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
