Comprehensive Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Review of Stimulants, Nicotine, Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Overdose Management, Treatment Protocols, and Pharmacotherapeutic Interventions Verified Questions Provided with A+ Graded Rationales Latest

Comprehensive Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Review of Stimulants, Nicotine, Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Overdose Management, Treatment Protocols, and Pharmacotherapeutic Interventions Verified Questions Provided with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 Schedule I What Schedule? -LSD -Marijuana -MDMA -PCP -Heroin Schedule II What Schedule? -Amphetamines -Opioids -Cocaine Schedule III What Schedule? -Barbituates -Ketamine Schedule IV/V What Schedule? -Benzodiazepines Amphetamines -releases DA and NE from vesicular storage sites into synapse -Indications: ADHD, Narcoplepsy, Obesity Amphetamines AEs: • Common: weight loss, xerostomia, agitation, anxiety • Serious: MI, sudden cardiac death, CVA, serotonin syndrome, psychotic disorder • Methamphetamine causes degeneration of dopamine cell bodies and terminals -causes degeneration of dopamine cell bodies adn terminals of the nifrostriatal pathway (parkinsonism) Amphetamines __________________ Toxicity: • Tachycardia • HTN • Mydriasis • Diaphoresis • Hyperthermia • Hyperreflexia • Agitation If left untreated-- seizures, coma, death -Activated charcoal (if recent) -Mild/Moderate: Supportive and BZDs -Severe: lard dose of BZD with intubation and active cooling measures; IV fluids and sedation Treatment for Amphetamine Toxicity Activated Charcoal • MOA: Used to decontaminate patient, prevents absorption of some ingested substances known or thought to be toxic (drugs are adsorbed on charcoal) • Within 1 hour of ingestion • Candidates: Patients who are awake and can protect their airway Activated Charcoal CIs: -perforation of bowel -intestinal obstruction -absence of bowel sounds -recent surgery -GI hemorrhage Activated Charcoal AEs: • Common: N/V/D; black stool • Serious: pulmonary aspiration; GI obstruction Ectasy/MDMA -triggers release of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) from neurons • Increases energy, euphoria and empathy ("the hug drug"), prosocial effects Ectasy/MDMA ______________ Toxicity: • CV: Tachycardia, hypertension • CNS: agitation, hyperthermia, seizures, serotonin syndrome, bruxism (clenching) • Can result in end-organ damage • Severe intoxication--- acute psychosis, seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, dysrhythmias, hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, hyponatremia, hepatotoxicity and death • ABCs: airway, breathing, circulation • HYDRATE! • Active cooling (cold IV fluids, mist/fan) • Consider excipients non -pharmacoloigcal treatments for Ectasy/MDMA overdose -Activated Charcoal (if 1 hr) -BZDs (agitation, seizures, htn) -Barbituates (seizures) • Diltiaze