CJ 230 EXAM 4 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
______ argues that the powerful largely decide what will be considered criminal and that crime is often
a response to conditions in capitalist societies. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Critical Criminology
True or False? Labeling theory argues that people are deviant because their neighborhoods have been
viewed as run-down and poor. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅false
What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Primary
deviance refers to the initial criminal act. Secondary deviance refers to deviance that ensues as a result
of the person being labeled and stigmatized as a criminal.
According to shaming theory, offenders are made to feel humiliation owing to their transgressions. -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅True
Braithwaite's shaming theory calls for which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅reintegrative
shaming
In his shaming theory, Braithwaite argues that increasing the stigmatization of offenders will be effective
in deterring crime. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅False
In labeling theory, "secondary deviance" is used to refer to crimes that ______. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅occur as a result of an individual having been caught and labeled
Labeling theory says that individuals are deviant mainly because they have been labeled as deviant by
social control agencies and others. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅true
The act of committing the crime begins the labeling process. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅false
Which of the following is a valid critique of labeling theory? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Its pays inadequate
attention to the causes of the initial deviant act.
______ argues that the powerful largely decide what will be considered criminal and that crime is often
a response to conditions in capitalist societies. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Critical Criminology
True or False? Labeling theory argues that people are deviant because their neighborhoods have been
viewed as run-down and poor. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅false
What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Primary
deviance refers to the initial criminal act. Secondary deviance refers to deviance that ensues as a result
of the person being labeled and stigmatized as a criminal.
According to shaming theory, offenders are made to feel humiliation owing to their transgressions. -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅True
Braithwaite's shaming theory calls for which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅reintegrative
shaming
In his shaming theory, Braithwaite argues that increasing the stigmatization of offenders will be effective
in deterring crime. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅False
In labeling theory, "secondary deviance" is used to refer to crimes that ______. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅occur as a result of an individual having been caught and labeled
Labeling theory says that individuals are deviant mainly because they have been labeled as deviant by
social control agencies and others. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅true
The act of committing the crime begins the labeling process. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅false
Which of the following is a valid critique of labeling theory? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Its pays inadequate
attention to the causes of the initial deviant act.
