NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology UTA
Exam 1 (Latest Update) Real
Questions and Verified Answers | 100%
Correct | Already Graded A+.
Hypoxic injury - ANSWER -1. Decrease in oxygen in the air (high altitudes,
asphyxiation, drowning)
2. Loss of hemoglobin function (hemorrhage or sickle cell anemia)
3. Decrease in production of red blood cells (anemia or leukemia)
4. Diseases of cardiopulmonary systems (ischemia, blood supply loss,
arteriosclerosis)
Hypoxic injury clinical manifestations - ANSWER -1. Increased CK (muscle and
heart)
2. Increased LDH (muscle, liver, lung, heart, RBC, brain)
3. Increased ALT and AST (liver)
4. Increased troponin (heart)
Reperfusion injury - ANSWER -Oxygen supply is restored to ischemic tissues.
Triggers oxygen intermediates which causes cell membrane damage and
mitochondrial calcium overload.
Xanthine dehydrogenase --> xanthine oxidate. This makes large amounts of free
radicals, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide. Causes cell membrane damage and
*mitochondrial calcium overload*
Reperfusion injury clinical manifestations - ANSWER -White blood cell count is
impaired. Seen in tissue transplantation, ischemic syndromes of the heart, liver,
intestines, kidneys, and cerebrum.
Free Radical - ANSWER -Molecules that have an unpaired electron on its outer
shell. This makes the molecule unstable.
Cause cellular injury, aging, and disease to occur.
, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - ANSWER -Produced as a normal byproduct of
ATP production in mitochondria. ROS can overwhelm the mitochondria and
exhaust intracellular antioxidants. Also produced by absorption of high energy
sources like radiation or UV light.
Ethanol - ANSWER -Acute affects in the liver include inflammation, fatty
infiltration, hepatomegaly, acute liver necrosis, suppressed fatty acid oxidation.
Chronic ethanol use is mainly seen in the stomach and liver, and is caused by free
radicals.
*Elevated anion gap and osmolar gap >10 is diagnostic*
Infarct - ANSWER -Form of necrosis that is a SUDDEN insufficiency of arterial
blood flow. (ie: heart attack, cold leg, MI)
Apoptosis - ANSWER -Programmed cell death (normal). Needed to prevent
cellular proliferation that would result in a large body.
Clinical implications: neurodegenerative disease, ischemic injury, death of virus
infected cells
Autophagy - ANSWER -Autodigestion of the cell. When cells lack nutrition,
autophagy is triggered. During times of metabolic stress, autophagy provides ATP
and other macromolecules for energy and cell survival. When stress progresses, it
leads to cell death
Aging - ANSWER -Body released more cytokines and proinflammatory
substances which results in chronic inflammation
What lab values are elevated as we age? - ANSWER -Interleukin 1, tumor
necrosis factor-alpha, and C-reactive protein
Role of hepatocytes - ANSWER -Acetyl CoA is processed by hepatocytes and
transforms to 3 ketone bodies:
1. Acetoacetate
2. Acetone
, 3. B-hydroxybutyrate
Role of mitochondria - ANSWER -Ketogenesis: occurs mostly in the hepatocytes
What triggers ketogenesis? - ANSWER -Unavailability of glucose. Keto diet = no
sugar. Starvation and Type 2 DM can lead to this.
Role of Acetyl-CoA - ANSWER -Returns to citric acid cycle and combines with
oxaloacetate to form citrate. Also transforms into ketone bodies by hepatocytes
Oxaloacetate - ANSWER -Used in gluconeogenesis (process of getting sugars
from carbs). During starvation or uncontrolled diabetes, oxaloacetate levels are
insufficient because it has been completely used by gluconeogenesis. Depletion of
oxaloacetate increases amount of Acetyl CoA.
Normal cells - ANSWER -Will not grow unless attached to a firm surface.
Normal cells have a limited life span and divide 10-50 times. Uniform in size and
shape.
Cancer cells - ANSWER -Cells continue to crowd and eventually pile over.
Immortal and divide for years. Divide rapidly and are parasites. Must grow in a
hypoxic or acidic environment.
Which cancer produces alpha fetoprotein? - ANSWER -Liver and germ cell
tumors secrete this into the blood. Found in liver, testicles, or ovaries.
Which cancer produces carcinoembryonic antigen? - ANSWER -GI, pancreas,
lung, breast, large intestine, colon, rectal
Which cancer produces beta human chorionic gonadotropin? - ANSWER -Germ
cell (reproductive)
Which cancer produces prostate specific antigen? - ANSWER -Prostate
Exam 1 (Latest Update) Real
Questions and Verified Answers | 100%
Correct | Already Graded A+.
Hypoxic injury - ANSWER -1. Decrease in oxygen in the air (high altitudes,
asphyxiation, drowning)
2. Loss of hemoglobin function (hemorrhage or sickle cell anemia)
3. Decrease in production of red blood cells (anemia or leukemia)
4. Diseases of cardiopulmonary systems (ischemia, blood supply loss,
arteriosclerosis)
Hypoxic injury clinical manifestations - ANSWER -1. Increased CK (muscle and
heart)
2. Increased LDH (muscle, liver, lung, heart, RBC, brain)
3. Increased ALT and AST (liver)
4. Increased troponin (heart)
Reperfusion injury - ANSWER -Oxygen supply is restored to ischemic tissues.
Triggers oxygen intermediates which causes cell membrane damage and
mitochondrial calcium overload.
Xanthine dehydrogenase --> xanthine oxidate. This makes large amounts of free
radicals, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide. Causes cell membrane damage and
*mitochondrial calcium overload*
Reperfusion injury clinical manifestations - ANSWER -White blood cell count is
impaired. Seen in tissue transplantation, ischemic syndromes of the heart, liver,
intestines, kidneys, and cerebrum.
Free Radical - ANSWER -Molecules that have an unpaired electron on its outer
shell. This makes the molecule unstable.
Cause cellular injury, aging, and disease to occur.
, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - ANSWER -Produced as a normal byproduct of
ATP production in mitochondria. ROS can overwhelm the mitochondria and
exhaust intracellular antioxidants. Also produced by absorption of high energy
sources like radiation or UV light.
Ethanol - ANSWER -Acute affects in the liver include inflammation, fatty
infiltration, hepatomegaly, acute liver necrosis, suppressed fatty acid oxidation.
Chronic ethanol use is mainly seen in the stomach and liver, and is caused by free
radicals.
*Elevated anion gap and osmolar gap >10 is diagnostic*
Infarct - ANSWER -Form of necrosis that is a SUDDEN insufficiency of arterial
blood flow. (ie: heart attack, cold leg, MI)
Apoptosis - ANSWER -Programmed cell death (normal). Needed to prevent
cellular proliferation that would result in a large body.
Clinical implications: neurodegenerative disease, ischemic injury, death of virus
infected cells
Autophagy - ANSWER -Autodigestion of the cell. When cells lack nutrition,
autophagy is triggered. During times of metabolic stress, autophagy provides ATP
and other macromolecules for energy and cell survival. When stress progresses, it
leads to cell death
Aging - ANSWER -Body released more cytokines and proinflammatory
substances which results in chronic inflammation
What lab values are elevated as we age? - ANSWER -Interleukin 1, tumor
necrosis factor-alpha, and C-reactive protein
Role of hepatocytes - ANSWER -Acetyl CoA is processed by hepatocytes and
transforms to 3 ketone bodies:
1. Acetoacetate
2. Acetone
, 3. B-hydroxybutyrate
Role of mitochondria - ANSWER -Ketogenesis: occurs mostly in the hepatocytes
What triggers ketogenesis? - ANSWER -Unavailability of glucose. Keto diet = no
sugar. Starvation and Type 2 DM can lead to this.
Role of Acetyl-CoA - ANSWER -Returns to citric acid cycle and combines with
oxaloacetate to form citrate. Also transforms into ketone bodies by hepatocytes
Oxaloacetate - ANSWER -Used in gluconeogenesis (process of getting sugars
from carbs). During starvation or uncontrolled diabetes, oxaloacetate levels are
insufficient because it has been completely used by gluconeogenesis. Depletion of
oxaloacetate increases amount of Acetyl CoA.
Normal cells - ANSWER -Will not grow unless attached to a firm surface.
Normal cells have a limited life span and divide 10-50 times. Uniform in size and
shape.
Cancer cells - ANSWER -Cells continue to crowd and eventually pile over.
Immortal and divide for years. Divide rapidly and are parasites. Must grow in a
hypoxic or acidic environment.
Which cancer produces alpha fetoprotein? - ANSWER -Liver and germ cell
tumors secrete this into the blood. Found in liver, testicles, or ovaries.
Which cancer produces carcinoembryonic antigen? - ANSWER -GI, pancreas,
lung, breast, large intestine, colon, rectal
Which cancer produces beta human chorionic gonadotropin? - ANSWER -Germ
cell (reproductive)
Which cancer produces prostate specific antigen? - ANSWER -Prostate
