lOMoARcPSD|51648332
lOMoARcPSD|51648332
*****Compare and Contrast breathing patterns between NREM and
REM sleep (include a discussion on the specific stages of NREM
sleep).
REM sleep accounts for 20-25% of total sleep. It is characterized by
rapid eye movements, decreased muscular tone, and dreaming. vital
signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration increase, and
brain activity is high.
NREM sleep accounts for most of the sleep cycle (80- 85%) and is
characterized by slow EEG waves. Vital signs (blood pressure, heart
rate, breathing), muscular tone and movements, brain waves, and
dreaming all differ throughout the sleep cycle.
Stage 1 is a brief transitional stage that occurs between wakefulness
and falling asleep. At this point, a person can be easily aroused with
light sensory input i.e. speaking their name or a noise within the
room. During this stage of sleep, people may experience hypnic
myoclonia (jolting movement). Stage 1 also serves as a transition
between sleep cycles.
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca ()
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
Stage 2 is a longer period of deeper sleep lasting approximately 10-
25 minutes. Theta waves are present in stage 2 sleep with high
frequency waves known as sleep spindles interspersed. These spindles
seem to play a role in the formation of new memories and solidifying
knowledge taken in during wakefulness.
Stage 3 Stage 3 lasts only a few minutes before transition into stage 4.
Stage 4 are periods of deep sleep. Stage 4 lasts 20-40 minutes. Delta
waves are predominately present in these phases of sleep. Vital signs
all decrease, and the body fully relaxes.
*****What is the diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy? Describe 2 topics
of patient education you would give to your patient to help them
combat symptoms of narcolepsy.
difficulty initiating sleep difficulty
maintaining sleep waking up too
early
chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep
good Sleep hygiene by avoiding screen time before bed,
taking several short 15 minute naps throughout the day
safety- avoiding activities that can present a dangerous risk to
themselves or others (driving, operating heavy machinery.
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca ()
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
*****A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by
their spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up
after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her
husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was
going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of
his face felt numb.
She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of
atrial fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical
history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would
you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered?
Explain why you chose that treatment.
Based of this patients description of events, symptoms, and
medical history, this patient is likely experiencing a ischemic
stroke. CT scan would be the initial diagnostic tool to be
employed to screen for a possible clot in the vasculature of the
brain and for hemmorrhage rule out- followed by possible MRI if
CT head imagining was inconclusive. If positive for ischemic
blockage, tPA would be administered since he is within the 3-4.5
hour treatment window.
The nervous system acts as the command center to direct all bodily functions. It takes information from
the periphery, analyzes it, and elicits a response, voluntarily or involuntarily. This system can be divided
into 2 major divisions, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The Central Nervous System
The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain can be
subdivided into 3 regions: (1) the hindbrain, (2) the midbrain, and (3) the forebrain.
The hindbrain consists of the cerebellum, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. This area is often
affected by sleep disorders and cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). It is responsible for the coordination
of movement, posture, and the regulation of major body functions including respiration and blood
circulation.
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca ()
lOMoARcPSD|51648332
*****Compare and Contrast breathing patterns between NREM and
REM sleep (include a discussion on the specific stages of NREM
sleep).
REM sleep accounts for 20-25% of total sleep. It is characterized by
rapid eye movements, decreased muscular tone, and dreaming. vital
signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration increase, and
brain activity is high.
NREM sleep accounts for most of the sleep cycle (80- 85%) and is
characterized by slow EEG waves. Vital signs (blood pressure, heart
rate, breathing), muscular tone and movements, brain waves, and
dreaming all differ throughout the sleep cycle.
Stage 1 is a brief transitional stage that occurs between wakefulness
and falling asleep. At this point, a person can be easily aroused with
light sensory input i.e. speaking their name or a noise within the
room. During this stage of sleep, people may experience hypnic
myoclonia (jolting movement). Stage 1 also serves as a transition
between sleep cycles.
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca ()
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
Stage 2 is a longer period of deeper sleep lasting approximately 10-
25 minutes. Theta waves are present in stage 2 sleep with high
frequency waves known as sleep spindles interspersed. These spindles
seem to play a role in the formation of new memories and solidifying
knowledge taken in during wakefulness.
Stage 3 Stage 3 lasts only a few minutes before transition into stage 4.
Stage 4 are periods of deep sleep. Stage 4 lasts 20-40 minutes. Delta
waves are predominately present in these phases of sleep. Vital signs
all decrease, and the body fully relaxes.
*****What is the diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy? Describe 2 topics
of patient education you would give to your patient to help them
combat symptoms of narcolepsy.
difficulty initiating sleep difficulty
maintaining sleep waking up too
early
chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep
good Sleep hygiene by avoiding screen time before bed,
taking several short 15 minute naps throughout the day
safety- avoiding activities that can present a dangerous risk to
themselves or others (driving, operating heavy machinery.
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca ()
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
*****A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by
their spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up
after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her
husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was
going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of
his face felt numb.
She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of
atrial fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical
history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would
you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered?
Explain why you chose that treatment.
Based of this patients description of events, symptoms, and
medical history, this patient is likely experiencing a ischemic
stroke. CT scan would be the initial diagnostic tool to be
employed to screen for a possible clot in the vasculature of the
brain and for hemmorrhage rule out- followed by possible MRI if
CT head imagining was inconclusive. If positive for ischemic
blockage, tPA would be administered since he is within the 3-4.5
hour treatment window.
The nervous system acts as the command center to direct all bodily functions. It takes information from
the periphery, analyzes it, and elicits a response, voluntarily or involuntarily. This system can be divided
into 2 major divisions, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The Central Nervous System
The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain can be
subdivided into 3 regions: (1) the hindbrain, (2) the midbrain, and (3) the forebrain.
The hindbrain consists of the cerebellum, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. This area is often
affected by sleep disorders and cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). It is responsible for the coordination
of movement, posture, and the regulation of major body functions including respiration and blood
circulation.
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca ()
