HSC 4555 Final Exam Review Questions With
Complete Answers
1. Study of disease
2. Study of functions of living organisms
3. Study of the abnormalities in physiological functions
4. Study of patterns of disease - ANSWER 1. Pathology
2. Physiology
3. Pathophysiology
4. Epidemiology
1. Origin of disease; underlying causes and modifying factors (genetic or environmental)
2. Steps in the development of disease; how the etiological factors trigger cellular and
molecular changes. Structural and functional abnormalities that characterize the
disease - ANSWER Pathogenesis
1. Cellular and tissue alterations caused by a pathological stimuli
2. Reactions and abnormalities of specialized organs - ANSWER 1. General Pathology
2. Systems Pathology
What is the framework for pathophysiology? - ANSWER
Etiology-->Pathogenesis-->Clinical Manifestations-->Treatment Implications
Study of the causes or reasons for the phenomena
Identifies the casual factor: Idiopathic (arising from an unkn. cause, Iatrogenic (can be
caused by a hospital or physician), Causative Agent - ANSWER Etiology (Why the
diseases arises)
,1. Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure (e.g. fever or rash)
2. Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observes (e.g.
headache or nausea) - ANSWER 1. Signs
2. Symtoms
(Clinical Manifestations)
When etiology of signs/symptoms are not determined - ANSWER Syndrome (ex. down
syndrome b/c they don't know what causes the trisomy)
What're the stages and Clinical Course of an illness? - ANSWER Latent (Incubation)
Period --> Prodromal/Prodrome Period--> Subclinical Phase-->Manifest Illness/Acute
Phase
Stage of disease/illness where no recognition by patient, lab tests may detect (disease
is manifesting but not known from patient) - ANSWER Latent/ Incubation Period
Stage of disease/illness where appearance of first signs/symptoms (non-specific) -
ANSWER Prodromal/Prodrome Period
Stage of disease/illness where patient functions normally although disease well
established
(Disease is progressing) - ANSWER Subclinical Phase
Stage of disease/illness where signs/symptoms are at greatest severity - ANSWER
Manifest Illness/Acute Phase
1. Sudden increase in severity
2. Decline or abatement in severity
3. Stage of recovery after disease, injury, or surgery - ANSWER 1. Exacerbations
,2. Remissions
3. Convalescence
Subsequent pathological condition (Ex. scar from laceration) OR Secondary process
arise because of original problem (new complication) (Ex. Influenza --> Pneumonia) -
ANSWER Sequela
1. Ability of a test to give the same result in repeated measurements
2. Degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure
3. Extent to which the test can differentiate between the presence or absence of a
condition - ANSWER 1. Reliability
2. Validity
3. Predictive Value
1. Test comes out positive but you don't have it
2. Test comes out negative but you actually have it - ANSWER 1. Positive Predictive
Value
2. Negative Predictive Value
1. probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular
condition
2. probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person without a particular
condition - ANSWER 1. Sensitivity
2. Specificity
What're the individual factors that influence normality? - ANSWER Cultural
Considerations
Age, Gender, and Situational Differences
, Time Variations
1. Native to a local region, always present in a certain population. Ex. Malaria
2. Outbreak spreading rapidly/extensively through a population, affecting an atypically
large amount of people w/in a population. Ex. Smallpox, Typhus
3. Worldwide epidemic, spread to large geographic areas. Ex. Polio in the 50s, TB, AIDS,
SARS - ANSWER 1. Endemic Disease
2. Epidemic Disease
3. Pandemic Disease
Level of prevention that alters susceptibility or reduces exposure
Ex. Vacination (stops disease before it starts) - ANSWER Primary Prevention
Level of prevention that is early detection, screening and management
Ex. Pap Smear & Mammogram (detects early stage breast cancer) - ANSWER
Secondary Prevention
Level of prevention that is medical and surgical.
Rehabilitation, supportive care, attempts to alleviate disability and restore function
Ex. Limiting consequences of disease. Physical therapy or rehab etc. - ANSWER Tertiary
Prevention
What're the types of irreversible cell injuries (death)? - ANSWER Necrosis & Apoptosis
Cell death by external injury
Pathological process associated with significant tissue damage - ANSWER Necrosis
Complete Answers
1. Study of disease
2. Study of functions of living organisms
3. Study of the abnormalities in physiological functions
4. Study of patterns of disease - ANSWER 1. Pathology
2. Physiology
3. Pathophysiology
4. Epidemiology
1. Origin of disease; underlying causes and modifying factors (genetic or environmental)
2. Steps in the development of disease; how the etiological factors trigger cellular and
molecular changes. Structural and functional abnormalities that characterize the
disease - ANSWER Pathogenesis
1. Cellular and tissue alterations caused by a pathological stimuli
2. Reactions and abnormalities of specialized organs - ANSWER 1. General Pathology
2. Systems Pathology
What is the framework for pathophysiology? - ANSWER
Etiology-->Pathogenesis-->Clinical Manifestations-->Treatment Implications
Study of the causes or reasons for the phenomena
Identifies the casual factor: Idiopathic (arising from an unkn. cause, Iatrogenic (can be
caused by a hospital or physician), Causative Agent - ANSWER Etiology (Why the
diseases arises)
,1. Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure (e.g. fever or rash)
2. Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observes (e.g.
headache or nausea) - ANSWER 1. Signs
2. Symtoms
(Clinical Manifestations)
When etiology of signs/symptoms are not determined - ANSWER Syndrome (ex. down
syndrome b/c they don't know what causes the trisomy)
What're the stages and Clinical Course of an illness? - ANSWER Latent (Incubation)
Period --> Prodromal/Prodrome Period--> Subclinical Phase-->Manifest Illness/Acute
Phase
Stage of disease/illness where no recognition by patient, lab tests may detect (disease
is manifesting but not known from patient) - ANSWER Latent/ Incubation Period
Stage of disease/illness where appearance of first signs/symptoms (non-specific) -
ANSWER Prodromal/Prodrome Period
Stage of disease/illness where patient functions normally although disease well
established
(Disease is progressing) - ANSWER Subclinical Phase
Stage of disease/illness where signs/symptoms are at greatest severity - ANSWER
Manifest Illness/Acute Phase
1. Sudden increase in severity
2. Decline or abatement in severity
3. Stage of recovery after disease, injury, or surgery - ANSWER 1. Exacerbations
,2. Remissions
3. Convalescence
Subsequent pathological condition (Ex. scar from laceration) OR Secondary process
arise because of original problem (new complication) (Ex. Influenza --> Pneumonia) -
ANSWER Sequela
1. Ability of a test to give the same result in repeated measurements
2. Degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure
3. Extent to which the test can differentiate between the presence or absence of a
condition - ANSWER 1. Reliability
2. Validity
3. Predictive Value
1. Test comes out positive but you don't have it
2. Test comes out negative but you actually have it - ANSWER 1. Positive Predictive
Value
2. Negative Predictive Value
1. probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular
condition
2. probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person without a particular
condition - ANSWER 1. Sensitivity
2. Specificity
What're the individual factors that influence normality? - ANSWER Cultural
Considerations
Age, Gender, and Situational Differences
, Time Variations
1. Native to a local region, always present in a certain population. Ex. Malaria
2. Outbreak spreading rapidly/extensively through a population, affecting an atypically
large amount of people w/in a population. Ex. Smallpox, Typhus
3. Worldwide epidemic, spread to large geographic areas. Ex. Polio in the 50s, TB, AIDS,
SARS - ANSWER 1. Endemic Disease
2. Epidemic Disease
3. Pandemic Disease
Level of prevention that alters susceptibility or reduces exposure
Ex. Vacination (stops disease before it starts) - ANSWER Primary Prevention
Level of prevention that is early detection, screening and management
Ex. Pap Smear & Mammogram (detects early stage breast cancer) - ANSWER
Secondary Prevention
Level of prevention that is medical and surgical.
Rehabilitation, supportive care, attempts to alleviate disability and restore function
Ex. Limiting consequences of disease. Physical therapy or rehab etc. - ANSWER Tertiary
Prevention
What're the types of irreversible cell injuries (death)? - ANSWER Necrosis & Apoptosis
Cell death by external injury
Pathological process associated with significant tissue damage - ANSWER Necrosis
