Neonatal Intensive Care Exam: Assessment, Monitoring, and Management of Preterm and Term Infants Including Respiratory Distress Syndromes (RDS, BPD, TTN, MAS, PPHN), Apnea of Prematurity, Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC), Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH),

Neonatal Intensive Care Exam: Assessment, Monitoring, and Management of Preterm and Term Infants Including Respiratory Distress Syndromes (RDS, BPD, TTN, MAS, PPHN), Apnea of Prematurity, Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC), Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH), Hyperbilirubinemia and Jaundice Management, Neonatal Sepsis, Thermoregulation and Cold Stress, Nutritional Support (Breastfeeding, Parenteral Nutrition, Weaning), Pharmacologic Interventions (Caffeine Citrate, Surfactant Therapy), NICU Procedures, and High-Risk Neonatal Complications Exam Questions Verified and Provided with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 Cameras isolettes (simulate womb) dimmed lighting nesting (prone position for easier breathing. this is okay since the baby is on a monitor) neck roles NG/OG- placement; imaging for confirmation and checked prior to every feeding (air, residual, number) for feeding, suctioning, and venting of air education about the NICU to parents tachypnea nasal flaring grunting retractions cyanosis pallor --possibly diminished lung sounds signs of respiratory distress prone positioning increases oxygenation by expanding lung volume and reducing the energy of the neonate when breathing --must place on cardiac respiratory monitor to do this. lack of gag reflex suck/swallow/breath preterm breathing problems causing risk for aspiration pneumonia apnea lasting 20 seconds or longer; occasionally treat with stimulation or neck roll or prone positioning mixed or obstructive apnea apneic/bradycardic; treat with CPAP or methylxanthine (caffeine citrate) and monitor with cardio/resp monitor A&Bs (Apneic/Bradycardic) ((mixed or obstructive apnea) apnea along with drop of heart rate to 70s and 80s and pulse ox drop to 80-85% **must be free of this for 24 hours before discharge Caffeine Citrate central nervous system stimulant; a methylxanthine oral or IV 20-80 mg/kg maintenance dose: 5-10 mg/kg/day caffeine citrate route and dosing signs of Necrotizing enterocolitis: tachycardia feeding intolerance temperature stability abd distention bloody stools Gasping syndrome: resp distress metabolic acidosis gasping seizures hypotension warning signs for caffeine citrate (adverse effects) Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) a condition caused by insufficient surfactant in immature lungs. It is a serious condition common to prematurity. The condition typically begins to resolve within 72 hours after the birth, although care in this time is critical. the alveoli to collapse with expiration (low lung volume=hypoxemia=resp acidosis=metabolic acidosis) too little surfactant can cause: CPAP Vent Administration of surfactant via ET 30-60 min after birth worst case tx: nitrous oxide to improve pulmonary vasodilation -thermoregulation, diuretics to pull off fluid, nutrition treatment for RDS Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) damage to lungs caused by mechanical ventilation or long term oxygen --concern for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) s/s of apnea clinically significant if breathing activity stops for 20 or more seconds or if breathing stops for shorter periods of time but is associated with bradycardia (less than or equal to 70-80 bpm) or hypoxemia (O2 sat below 80-85%) -tactile stimulation for occasional apnea -frequent apnea or apnea with hypoxemia and bradycardia is treated CPAP or methylxanthine -may possibly use caffeine and theophylline treatment of A&Bs infant mortality BPD patent ductus arteriosus side effects: tachycardia and feeding intolerance the prophylactic administration of methylxanthine prior to dx of apnea is gaining popularity and is associated with small reduction in: Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH) bleeding into the lateral ventricles of the brain and is one of the most common and dangerous