LABORATORY
ANIMAL SCIENCE
(LAS) - RODENTS
UAntwerpen
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
CH 0: INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................5
CH1: LEGISLATION (C. VAN GINNIKEN) ..................................................................................6
1. LEGISLATION ON WORKING WITH LABORATORY ANIMALS ...................................................................... 6
2. LABORATORY ANIMAL – DEFINITION ............................................................................................... 8
3. LABORATORY ANIMAL – ORIGIN ..................................................................................................... 8
4. LABORATORY ANIMAL – IDENTIFICATION ........................................................................................ 10
5. ANIMAL EXPERIMENT – PURPOSES ............................................................................................... 11
6. ETHICAL COMMITTEE ............................................................................................................... 12
7. ANIMAL WELFARE UNIT/BODY ..................................................................................................... 13
8. USER, SUPPLIER, BREEDER ........................................................................................................ 13
9. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ............................................................................................................... 14
10. PERSONNEL AND THEIR RESPONSABILITIES (!) ................................................................................. 15
11. AT THE END OF THE EXPERIMENT – OUTCOMES ................................................................................ 17
CH2: PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL HANDLING AND RESTRAINT (D. VAN DAM) .............................. 19
1. THE 3HS-MODULES ................................................................................................................ 19
2. ANIMAL HANDLING ................................................................................................................. 19
3. NON-AVERSIVE / REFINED HANDLING OF MICE ................................................................................ 21
4. RAT HANDLING / TOUCHING ...................................................................................................... 25
5. PICKING UP ANIMALS ............................................................................................................... 27
6. IMMOBILISATION OF ANIMALS..................................................................................................... 28
CH3: BIOLOGY OF RODENTS (C. VAN GINNIKEN) .................................................................. 33
1. MOUSE – NUMBERS (BELGIUM / FLANDERS) ................................................................................... 33
2. MOUSE – BIOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 33
3. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY CONSIDERATIONS (GENERAL) ........................................................................ 36
4. MOUSE HUSBANDRY............................................................................................................... 37
5. MOUSE – ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS ..................................................................................... 41
6. MOUSE – ANATOMICAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES ...................................................................... 42
7. MOUSE – NUTRITION & REPRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 46
8. MOUSE – REPRODUCTIVE AND URINARY SYSTEM ............................................................................. 47
9. MOUSE – FERTILITY CYCLE, BREEDING & REPRODUCTION ................................................................ 48
10. MOUSE – DEVELOPMENT & BREEDING PROTOCOLS ........................................................................ 51
11. RAT – NUMBERS .................................................................................................................... 54
12. RAT – BIOLOGY...................................................................................................................... 54
13. RAT – HUSBANDRY ................................................................................................................. 55
14. RAT – ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS, ANATOMY & REPRODUCTION .................................................... 56
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,15. RAT – BREEDING & REPRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 57
CH4: ANIMAL WELFARE (D. VAN DAM) .................................................................................. 59
1. IMPACT ON ANIMAL WELFARE IN RESEARCH .................................................................................. 59
2. ANIMAL WELFARE AND SENTIENCE ............................................................................................. 60
3. CONTROLLABILITY AND PREDICTABILITY ........................................................................................ 64
4. FREQUENCY OF STRESSORS & HABITUATION .................................................................................. 66
5. REGULATORY RANGE & ADAPTIVE CAPACITY ................................................................................. 67
6. STRESS, DISTRESS & ANIMAL WELFARE ....................................................................................... 68
7. HABITUATION VS. SENSITIZATION................................................................................................ 69
8. STRESS THROUGHOUT THE LIFE CYCLE (EXAMPLES) ........................................................................ 69
CH5: BEHAVIORAL EVALUATION (VAN DAM) ......................................................................... 75
1. GOAL OF BEHAVIORAL EVALUATION ............................................................................................ 75
2. MULTI-TIERED EVALUATION PROCESS ......................................................................................... 75
3. TIER 1: GENERAL HEALTH AND NEUROLOGICAL REFLEXES (DETAILS) ................................................... 76
4. SENSORY AND MOTOR ABILITIES ................................................................................................ 81
5. SPECIFIC BEHAVIORAL DOMAINS (3RD TIER): SOCIAL BEHAVIORS ....................................................... 87
6. FEAR AND ANXIETY ................................................................................................................. 91
7. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM AND SLEEP ................................................................................................ 92
8. LEARNING AND MEMORY (COGNITIVE FUNCTION TESTS) .................................................................. 93
9. DEPRESSION-RELATED SYMPTOMS ............................................................................................. 97
CH6: MINIMALLY INVASIVE PROCEDURES (C. VAN GINNIKEN) .............................................. 98
1. IDENTIFICATION / MARKING OF ANIMALS ....................................................................................... 98
2. ADMINISTRATION OF SUBSTANCES............................................................................................. 103
3. COLLECTION OF BODY FLUIDS .................................................................................................. 108
CH7: ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA (C. VAN GINNEKEN) .................................................... 117
1. PRE-OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................ 117
2. PRE-OPERATIVE: FASTING ...................................................................................................... 120
3. PERI-OPERATIVE PERIOD – MANAGEMENT................................................................................... 122
4. DEFINITIONS ....................................................................................................................... 123
5. ANESTHESIA ....................................................................................................................... 124
6. THE TRIAD OF ANESTHESIA ..................................................................................................... 124
7. ANESTHESIA – PHASES .......................................................................................................... 125
8. ANESTHETIC DEPTH .............................................................................................................. 125
9. INHALATION ANESTHETICS...................................................................................................... 127
10. INJECTABLE ANAESTHETICS ..................................................................................................... 132
11. ANAESTHESIA – PHARMACA .................................................................................................... 137
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, 12. OBSERVATIONAL MONITORING DURING ANAESTHESIA ..................................................................... 138
13. TROUBLESHOOTING .............................................................................................................. 139
14. POST-OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................... 140
15. PAIN & ANALGESIA ............................................................................................................... 141
16. PRE-EMPTIVE ANALGESIA ....................................................................................................... 141
17. PAIN MANAGEMENT – ANALGESICS ........................................................................................... 142
18. PAIN ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................... 144
CH8: PAIN AND WELFARE ASSESSMENT (D. VAN DAM) ....................................................... 146
1. PAIN AND WELFARE ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................ 146
2. WELFARE ASSESSMENT ......................................................................................................... 146
3. WELFARE INDICATORS........................................................................................................... 146
4. TUTORIAL: ANIMAL HEALTH AND WELFARE (AHWLA) ................................................................... 147
5. BODY CONDITION ................................................................................................................ 147
6. BODY SHAPE AND MALFORMATIONS ......................................................................................... 148
7. POSTURE ........................................................................................................................... 149
8. FUR QUALITY ...................................................................................................................... 150
9. EYES AND MOUTH ................................................................................................................ 150
10. SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES ............................................................................................. 151
11. TAIL .................................................................................................................................. 152
12. BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS ......................................................................................................... 152
13. PAIN ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................... 154
14. GRIMACE SCALE (FACIAL EXPRESSION ANALYSIS)......................................................................... 159
15. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE FOR WELFARE ASSESSMENT .................................................................... 161
16. WELFARE ASSESSMENT IN GENETICALLY MODIFIED (GM) RODENTS .................................................. 162
CH9: HUMANE KILLING ........................................................................................................ 164
1. LEGISLATION ON HUMANE KILLING ........................................................................................... 164
2. REQUIREMENTS FOR HUMANE KILLING ...................................................................................... 164
3. METHODS FOR HUMANE KILLING (EXAM) ................................................................................. 164
4. CONFIRMATION OF DEATH...................................................................................................... 167
5. HUMANE ENDPOINTS ............................................................................................................ 167
CH10: DISEASES (C. VAN GINNEKEN) ............................................................................... 168
1. HOW MICROORGANISMS ENTER THE ANIMAL UNIT ......................................................................... 168
2. HEALTH MONITORING (HM) ................................................................................................... 169
3. MAJOR DISEASE PROBLEMS .................................................................................................... 171
4. DISEASES IN LABORATORY MICE .............................................................................................. 172
5. KEY TAKEAWAYS LABORATORY MOUSE DISEASES............................................................................ 176
6. DISEASES IN LABORATORY RATS ............................................................................................... 176
7. RESPONSE PLAN (FOR ANY DISEASE OUTBREAK) ........................................................................... 180
3
ANIMAL SCIENCE
(LAS) - RODENTS
UAntwerpen
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
CH 0: INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................5
CH1: LEGISLATION (C. VAN GINNIKEN) ..................................................................................6
1. LEGISLATION ON WORKING WITH LABORATORY ANIMALS ...................................................................... 6
2. LABORATORY ANIMAL – DEFINITION ............................................................................................... 8
3. LABORATORY ANIMAL – ORIGIN ..................................................................................................... 8
4. LABORATORY ANIMAL – IDENTIFICATION ........................................................................................ 10
5. ANIMAL EXPERIMENT – PURPOSES ............................................................................................... 11
6. ETHICAL COMMITTEE ............................................................................................................... 12
7. ANIMAL WELFARE UNIT/BODY ..................................................................................................... 13
8. USER, SUPPLIER, BREEDER ........................................................................................................ 13
9. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ............................................................................................................... 14
10. PERSONNEL AND THEIR RESPONSABILITIES (!) ................................................................................. 15
11. AT THE END OF THE EXPERIMENT – OUTCOMES ................................................................................ 17
CH2: PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL HANDLING AND RESTRAINT (D. VAN DAM) .............................. 19
1. THE 3HS-MODULES ................................................................................................................ 19
2. ANIMAL HANDLING ................................................................................................................. 19
3. NON-AVERSIVE / REFINED HANDLING OF MICE ................................................................................ 21
4. RAT HANDLING / TOUCHING ...................................................................................................... 25
5. PICKING UP ANIMALS ............................................................................................................... 27
6. IMMOBILISATION OF ANIMALS..................................................................................................... 28
CH3: BIOLOGY OF RODENTS (C. VAN GINNIKEN) .................................................................. 33
1. MOUSE – NUMBERS (BELGIUM / FLANDERS) ................................................................................... 33
2. MOUSE – BIOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 33
3. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY CONSIDERATIONS (GENERAL) ........................................................................ 36
4. MOUSE HUSBANDRY............................................................................................................... 37
5. MOUSE – ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS ..................................................................................... 41
6. MOUSE – ANATOMICAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES ...................................................................... 42
7. MOUSE – NUTRITION & REPRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 46
8. MOUSE – REPRODUCTIVE AND URINARY SYSTEM ............................................................................. 47
9. MOUSE – FERTILITY CYCLE, BREEDING & REPRODUCTION ................................................................ 48
10. MOUSE – DEVELOPMENT & BREEDING PROTOCOLS ........................................................................ 51
11. RAT – NUMBERS .................................................................................................................... 54
12. RAT – BIOLOGY...................................................................................................................... 54
13. RAT – HUSBANDRY ................................................................................................................. 55
14. RAT – ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS, ANATOMY & REPRODUCTION .................................................... 56
1
,15. RAT – BREEDING & REPRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 57
CH4: ANIMAL WELFARE (D. VAN DAM) .................................................................................. 59
1. IMPACT ON ANIMAL WELFARE IN RESEARCH .................................................................................. 59
2. ANIMAL WELFARE AND SENTIENCE ............................................................................................. 60
3. CONTROLLABILITY AND PREDICTABILITY ........................................................................................ 64
4. FREQUENCY OF STRESSORS & HABITUATION .................................................................................. 66
5. REGULATORY RANGE & ADAPTIVE CAPACITY ................................................................................. 67
6. STRESS, DISTRESS & ANIMAL WELFARE ....................................................................................... 68
7. HABITUATION VS. SENSITIZATION................................................................................................ 69
8. STRESS THROUGHOUT THE LIFE CYCLE (EXAMPLES) ........................................................................ 69
CH5: BEHAVIORAL EVALUATION (VAN DAM) ......................................................................... 75
1. GOAL OF BEHAVIORAL EVALUATION ............................................................................................ 75
2. MULTI-TIERED EVALUATION PROCESS ......................................................................................... 75
3. TIER 1: GENERAL HEALTH AND NEUROLOGICAL REFLEXES (DETAILS) ................................................... 76
4. SENSORY AND MOTOR ABILITIES ................................................................................................ 81
5. SPECIFIC BEHAVIORAL DOMAINS (3RD TIER): SOCIAL BEHAVIORS ....................................................... 87
6. FEAR AND ANXIETY ................................................................................................................. 91
7. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM AND SLEEP ................................................................................................ 92
8. LEARNING AND MEMORY (COGNITIVE FUNCTION TESTS) .................................................................. 93
9. DEPRESSION-RELATED SYMPTOMS ............................................................................................. 97
CH6: MINIMALLY INVASIVE PROCEDURES (C. VAN GINNIKEN) .............................................. 98
1. IDENTIFICATION / MARKING OF ANIMALS ....................................................................................... 98
2. ADMINISTRATION OF SUBSTANCES............................................................................................. 103
3. COLLECTION OF BODY FLUIDS .................................................................................................. 108
CH7: ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA (C. VAN GINNEKEN) .................................................... 117
1. PRE-OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................ 117
2. PRE-OPERATIVE: FASTING ...................................................................................................... 120
3. PERI-OPERATIVE PERIOD – MANAGEMENT................................................................................... 122
4. DEFINITIONS ....................................................................................................................... 123
5. ANESTHESIA ....................................................................................................................... 124
6. THE TRIAD OF ANESTHESIA ..................................................................................................... 124
7. ANESTHESIA – PHASES .......................................................................................................... 125
8. ANESTHETIC DEPTH .............................................................................................................. 125
9. INHALATION ANESTHETICS...................................................................................................... 127
10. INJECTABLE ANAESTHETICS ..................................................................................................... 132
11. ANAESTHESIA – PHARMACA .................................................................................................... 137
2
, 12. OBSERVATIONAL MONITORING DURING ANAESTHESIA ..................................................................... 138
13. TROUBLESHOOTING .............................................................................................................. 139
14. POST-OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................... 140
15. PAIN & ANALGESIA ............................................................................................................... 141
16. PRE-EMPTIVE ANALGESIA ....................................................................................................... 141
17. PAIN MANAGEMENT – ANALGESICS ........................................................................................... 142
18. PAIN ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................... 144
CH8: PAIN AND WELFARE ASSESSMENT (D. VAN DAM) ....................................................... 146
1. PAIN AND WELFARE ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................ 146
2. WELFARE ASSESSMENT ......................................................................................................... 146
3. WELFARE INDICATORS........................................................................................................... 146
4. TUTORIAL: ANIMAL HEALTH AND WELFARE (AHWLA) ................................................................... 147
5. BODY CONDITION ................................................................................................................ 147
6. BODY SHAPE AND MALFORMATIONS ......................................................................................... 148
7. POSTURE ........................................................................................................................... 149
8. FUR QUALITY ...................................................................................................................... 150
9. EYES AND MOUTH ................................................................................................................ 150
10. SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES ............................................................................................. 151
11. TAIL .................................................................................................................................. 152
12. BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS ......................................................................................................... 152
13. PAIN ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................... 154
14. GRIMACE SCALE (FACIAL EXPRESSION ANALYSIS)......................................................................... 159
15. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE FOR WELFARE ASSESSMENT .................................................................... 161
16. WELFARE ASSESSMENT IN GENETICALLY MODIFIED (GM) RODENTS .................................................. 162
CH9: HUMANE KILLING ........................................................................................................ 164
1. LEGISLATION ON HUMANE KILLING ........................................................................................... 164
2. REQUIREMENTS FOR HUMANE KILLING ...................................................................................... 164
3. METHODS FOR HUMANE KILLING (EXAM) ................................................................................. 164
4. CONFIRMATION OF DEATH...................................................................................................... 167
5. HUMANE ENDPOINTS ............................................................................................................ 167
CH10: DISEASES (C. VAN GINNEKEN) ............................................................................... 168
1. HOW MICROORGANISMS ENTER THE ANIMAL UNIT ......................................................................... 168
2. HEALTH MONITORING (HM) ................................................................................................... 169
3. MAJOR DISEASE PROBLEMS .................................................................................................... 171
4. DISEASES IN LABORATORY MICE .............................................................................................. 172
5. KEY TAKEAWAYS LABORATORY MOUSE DISEASES............................................................................ 176
6. DISEASES IN LABORATORY RATS ............................................................................................... 176
7. RESPONSE PLAN (FOR ANY DISEASE OUTBREAK) ........................................................................... 180
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