TPG Flaws || 100% Valid Answers.
C-C (Correlation-Causation) correct answers Argument does not present evidence to prove the
causal conclusion. The correlation in the evidence could have been explained by an
ALTERNATIVE cause.
AA (Argument by Analogy) correct answers There are two definitively different situations at
hand, and the speaker is assuming they are similar enough to attain the same result.
Comparison (CNR) correct answers The speaker making the flaw is omitting certain aspects that
would ensure the chosen option is better than alternative options. (ex: missing data regarding
alternative, missing comparison in evid, other factors, missing connection to options)
Extreme Conclusion (EXTC) correct answers The speaker makes an absolute conclusion about a
situation with numerous other viable options despite the evidence only eliminating one or two.
Language: no other...
Concept Shift (CS) correct answers The argument shifts from one concept in the evidence to
another in the conclusion. (The TICNIE and the concept in the evidence trying to prove the
TICNIE true are not the same concept)
Sufficient and Necessary (CSN) correct answers The speaker making the flawed argument treats
the result as if it is the trigger in an if-then statement despite them only being one-way
relationships.
Also an EXTC flaw.
Assuming the trigger (ASST) correct answers The speaker making the flawed argument
concludes that since the result from an if-then statement is true, the trigger must also be true.
Can be complicated by using both, not both, either, and neither, or contrapositive.
General to Specific (G-S) correct answers A characteristic that applies to an entire group may or
may not apply to every individual.
Language ID: Stereotype, average, generalization (NOT ALL, all is broad enough to encompass
any situation)
Specific to General (S-G) correct answers An individual does not represent the whole.
Language ID: Statements about larger group, omission of qualifers, evidence can include
studies/experiments/surveys
C-C (Correlation-Causation) correct answers Argument does not present evidence to prove the
causal conclusion. The correlation in the evidence could have been explained by an
ALTERNATIVE cause.
AA (Argument by Analogy) correct answers There are two definitively different situations at
hand, and the speaker is assuming they are similar enough to attain the same result.
Comparison (CNR) correct answers The speaker making the flaw is omitting certain aspects that
would ensure the chosen option is better than alternative options. (ex: missing data regarding
alternative, missing comparison in evid, other factors, missing connection to options)
Extreme Conclusion (EXTC) correct answers The speaker makes an absolute conclusion about a
situation with numerous other viable options despite the evidence only eliminating one or two.
Language: no other...
Concept Shift (CS) correct answers The argument shifts from one concept in the evidence to
another in the conclusion. (The TICNIE and the concept in the evidence trying to prove the
TICNIE true are not the same concept)
Sufficient and Necessary (CSN) correct answers The speaker making the flawed argument treats
the result as if it is the trigger in an if-then statement despite them only being one-way
relationships.
Also an EXTC flaw.
Assuming the trigger (ASST) correct answers The speaker making the flawed argument
concludes that since the result from an if-then statement is true, the trigger must also be true.
Can be complicated by using both, not both, either, and neither, or contrapositive.
General to Specific (G-S) correct answers A characteristic that applies to an entire group may or
may not apply to every individual.
Language ID: Stereotype, average, generalization (NOT ALL, all is broad enough to encompass
any situation)
Specific to General (S-G) correct answers An individual does not represent the whole.
Language ID: Statements about larger group, omission of qualifers, evidence can include
studies/experiments/surveys
