NUR 265 Exam 1 || All Solved.
What is nephrotic syndrome? correct answers A condition of increased glomerular permeability
that allows larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the urine and then be excreted.
What are key features of nephrotic syndrome? correct answers -*Massive proteinuria*
-*Hypoalbuminemia*
-*Edema (facial and periorbital)*
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than what? correct answers 3.5g
in 24 hours
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with? correct answers -immunosuppressant agents (if
immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
Describe the "risk" stage for AKI correct answers creatinine x 1.5 of normal, and GFR reduced
by 25%
Describe the "injury" stage for AKI correct answers creatinine x2 & GFR reduced by 50%
Describe the "failure" stage for AKI correct answers creatinine x3 normal, & GFR reduced by
75% (Cant fix)
,Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples. correct answers Decreased perfusion to kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples. correct answers Tissue damage to the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples. correct answers Obstruction that occurs after the
kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)? correct answers Systolic +
(Diastolic*2) /3
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys? correct answers 65 mmHg
, What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs? correct answers -NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored? correct answers Watch for
dehydration and make sure output is greater than input
What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient? correct answers -Low protein
-Low sodium
-Fluid restriction: 1000-1500mL day (for anything except perfusion problem)
What are the 2 most common causes of CKD? correct answers -HTN
-Uncontrolled diabetes
What is azotemia? correct answers Nitrogenous waste build up
What are manifestations of uremia? correct answers •Metallic taste in mouth
•Anorexia
•Nausea/vomiting
•Muscle cramps
•Uremic frost on skin
•Itching
•Fatigue and lethargy
•Hiccups
•Edema
What is nephrotic syndrome? correct answers A condition of increased glomerular permeability
that allows larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the urine and then be excreted.
What are key features of nephrotic syndrome? correct answers -*Massive proteinuria*
-*Hypoalbuminemia*
-*Edema (facial and periorbital)*
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than what? correct answers 3.5g
in 24 hours
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with? correct answers -immunosuppressant agents (if
immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
Describe the "risk" stage for AKI correct answers creatinine x 1.5 of normal, and GFR reduced
by 25%
Describe the "injury" stage for AKI correct answers creatinine x2 & GFR reduced by 50%
Describe the "failure" stage for AKI correct answers creatinine x3 normal, & GFR reduced by
75% (Cant fix)
,Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples. correct answers Decreased perfusion to kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples. correct answers Tissue damage to the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples. correct answers Obstruction that occurs after the
kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)? correct answers Systolic +
(Diastolic*2) /3
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys? correct answers 65 mmHg
, What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs? correct answers -NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored? correct answers Watch for
dehydration and make sure output is greater than input
What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient? correct answers -Low protein
-Low sodium
-Fluid restriction: 1000-1500mL day (for anything except perfusion problem)
What are the 2 most common causes of CKD? correct answers -HTN
-Uncontrolled diabetes
What is azotemia? correct answers Nitrogenous waste build up
What are manifestations of uremia? correct answers •Metallic taste in mouth
•Anorexia
•Nausea/vomiting
•Muscle cramps
•Uremic frost on skin
•Itching
•Fatigue and lethargy
•Hiccups
•Edema
