PHARMACOLOGY EXIT COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
2026 FULL QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS
▶ respiratory acidosis . Answer: Co2 greater than 45, caused by
pneumonia, COPD, narcotic OD, chest injuries
▶ respiratory alkalosis . Answer: Co2 lower than 35, caused by panic
attacks, hyperventilation
▶ metabolic acidosis . Answer: HCO3- less than 22, DKA
▶ metabolic alkalosis . Answer: HCO3- greater than 26, GI secretions over
suctioned, NG tubes, OD on antacids, prolonged emesis
▶ Nonspecific or Innate Immunity . Answer: 1st and 2nd lines of defense
▶ Specific or Adaptive Immunity . Answer: 3rd line of defense
▶ 1st line of defense . Answer: Barriers: Skin, Mucous Membranes, Gastric
juices, Normal Flora, and Cilia
▶ 2nd line of defense . Answer: Inflammation and Phagocytosis
▶ 3rd line of defense . Answer: B-Cells and T-Cells
▶ Cycle of Infection . Answer: Pathogens, Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Mode
of Transmission, Portal of Entry, Host B
▶ B-Cells . Answer: Responsible for production of antibodies, can clone
themselves to tag antigens, can become memory B-cells to remember
antigen(pathogen)
▶ T-Cells . Answer: born in bone marrow, but mature in thymus gland, cell-
mediated response
▶ T-Killer Cells . Answer: Phagocytosis of human cells that are infected
2026 FULL QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS
▶ respiratory acidosis . Answer: Co2 greater than 45, caused by
pneumonia, COPD, narcotic OD, chest injuries
▶ respiratory alkalosis . Answer: Co2 lower than 35, caused by panic
attacks, hyperventilation
▶ metabolic acidosis . Answer: HCO3- less than 22, DKA
▶ metabolic alkalosis . Answer: HCO3- greater than 26, GI secretions over
suctioned, NG tubes, OD on antacids, prolonged emesis
▶ Nonspecific or Innate Immunity . Answer: 1st and 2nd lines of defense
▶ Specific or Adaptive Immunity . Answer: 3rd line of defense
▶ 1st line of defense . Answer: Barriers: Skin, Mucous Membranes, Gastric
juices, Normal Flora, and Cilia
▶ 2nd line of defense . Answer: Inflammation and Phagocytosis
▶ 3rd line of defense . Answer: B-Cells and T-Cells
▶ Cycle of Infection . Answer: Pathogens, Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Mode
of Transmission, Portal of Entry, Host B
▶ B-Cells . Answer: Responsible for production of antibodies, can clone
themselves to tag antigens, can become memory B-cells to remember
antigen(pathogen)
▶ T-Cells . Answer: born in bone marrow, but mature in thymus gland, cell-
mediated response
▶ T-Killer Cells . Answer: Phagocytosis of human cells that are infected
