PHARM SCI 76 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026

PHARM SCI 76 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 What is Theory? - Answers -the current best explanation for any observation -it has so much evidence that everyone agrees with it Theories have to be (3): - Answers 1. testable 2. provisional: scientists must change what they believe to be the truth based on new evidence 3. incomplete: viewed as best we can do for now, but is a work in progress Steps from hypothesis to theory? - Answers 1. evidence: collect t, analyze it, and present it 2. search for alternatives: try to disprove ones own hypothesis 3. mechanism: testable mechanisms 4. open debate: tested by others 5. finally the hypothesis that gains the acceptance of the scientific community becomes a theory True or false: Scientific theory is based on proof - Answers False, it is based on the consensus of the scientific community, so it is based on trust What causes bad science? - Answers - honest mistakes -gullibility -bias -political -financial -etc What is good science? - Answers - unbiased -ethical -totally honest what is bogus science?( psuedo science) - Answers -activities that resemble science, but it lacks a testable hypothesis and other stuff( science fundamentals) what is scientific fraud? - Answers -has traits of good science but has -falsification -fabrication of data how could science go wrong? - Answers -the theory influences observation -the observer changes the observed -equipment determines the results True or false: Anecdotes do not make science - Answers true True or false: bold statements make claims true - Answers false True or false: Rumors= reality - Answers false A good science corrupted: a face on the moon, how was this corrupted? - Answers - as we get better tools, we might get different observations how scientists and public deceived: pareidolia - Answers -a vague stimulus being perceived as something clear and distinct -ex: mother teresa on a cinnamon bun what is cargo cult science by richard feynman about? - Answers -there were a lot of crazy ideas during the middle ages and a method was discovered to try to see if these ideas worked or not -this method developed so well it put us in the scientific age -but it is NOT a scientific world -people believed so many things and he investigated why they did -we should look into theories that don't work and science that isn't science -ex: how to treat criminals and that we have made no progress in decreasing the amount of crime by choosing how we deal with criminals -cargo cult in south seas: they saw airplanes with lots of good material and they want the same thing so they make things like runways so the airplanes will land, but it doesn't -this is cargo cult science because it talks abut practices that resemble science but are missing some essential factors that make it science. -to avoid cargo cult science: one must avoid fooling oneself and be willing to question and doubt one's own theories and results and investigate possible flaws in a theory or experiment -we must publish results whether good or bad -we must be honest and have scientific integrity what is cargo cult science? - Answers -a phrase used to describe practices that resemble science but do not follow the scientific method. What is the oil drop about? ( In Cargo Cult Article) - Answers -Millikan measured the charge of an electron by an experiment with falling oil drops -it is off because he had the incorrect value of the viscosity of air -it kept getting higher after millikan and they didn't discover it was right because if it was too high above millikan's they thought it must be wrong and try to find something wrong -while if it was close to his, then they didn't try too hard to try to find anything wrong, basically teaching us not to fool ourselves and have scientific integrity and double check your work Texas Mortality Rate Article by Meagan Flynn - Answers - for the past few years texas's maternal mortality rate was so unbelievability high -turns out this was based on sloppy and incorrect data collection -they thought it was because they weren't putting enough money into healthcare -the tool that was being used to measure the death rate were not effective -badly designed form= bad information What was Teaching Evolution at UK Article? - Answers -They tried to pass an anti-evolution law led by william bryan in kentucky -he taught a nonmajor freshman biology classes and he put evolution as a priority since it was the basis of all biology and people did not like that -something can be both theory and fact -ex: the existence of cells is a fact and that cell theory provides testable explanations of how cells function -theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts -one can accept evolution and maintain ones religious beliefs -a lot of students were not happy with him teaching evolution what is research misconduct? - Answers -fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research and analyzing and reporting results what is fabrication? - Answers making up results and recording or reporting them( lying) what is falsification? - Answers -manipulating anything such that the research is not accurately represented in the record ( cheating) ( modifying research materials to purposely bias the results) what is plagiarism? - Answers -using another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving credit ( stealing) true or false: ignorance is not an excuse for scientific misconduct - Answers true What are some consequences of scientific misconduct( federal agency administrative actions) - Answers -make the researcher take steps to correct the research record -place letters of reprimand in offenders personnel file -impose special certification to ensure compliance with applicable regulations or terms of an award -suspend or take away a award -if criminal or civil fraud: could go to jail What was the autism-vaccine article about? - Answers -In 1998 wakefield claimed that vaccinations are linked to autism -terrible experimental design -confusion about cause and effect -fabrication and falsification of data -serious undisclosed conflicts of interest what causes scientists to perform scientific misconduct? - Answers -uninformed thinking -ambition and competition -overwhelming sense of self worth -money what are the 7 deadly medical hypotheses? - Answers 1. the investigator does not need a specific hypothesis and can use an inadequate method to test the hypothesis 2. 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