AP2 unit 3Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation, External Respiration,
Internal Respiration, Gas Transport, Oxygen Utilization, CO2 Transport, Hypoxia,
Hypercapnia, Hypocapnia, Conducting Zone, Respiratory Zone, Nose & Nasal
Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchial Tree, Alveoli, Type I & II Alveolar
Cells, Surfactant, Respiratory Membrane, Pleura, Pulmonary Pressures,
Pulmonary Volumes & Capacities, Lung Compliance, Airway Resistance, Alveolar
Surface Tension, Ventral & Dorsal Respiratory Groups, Pontine Respiratory
Center, Chemoreceptors, Bohr Effect, Haldane Effect Exam Questions Verified
and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
list 4 major functions of the respiratory system
1.cellular respiration (produces energy- ATP)
2.conditions air
3. vocalization
4. pH regulation
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the lungs (breathing)
External respiration involves the
diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood in the lungs
gas transport
the process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa
internal respiration
,Exchange of gases between systemic cells of the body and the blood
Why do we need oxygen?
Oxygen is needed for cell respiration and energy metabolism (needed ATP production)
conducting zone consists of:
consists of the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, ends at terminal
bronchioles. These structures form a continuous passageway for air to move in and out of the lungs.
purpose of conducting zone
conducts air towards alveoli
warms
humidifies
filters
(no gas exchange-"anatomic dead space")
respiratory zone components
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
purpose of respiratory zone
site of gas exchange
4 functions of nose and nasal cavity
, 1. Inhaled air is warmed and humidified
2. Debris is filtered from inhaled air and antibacterial substances are secreted
3. Olfactory receptors are housed
4. is a resonating chamber for speech
8 components of nose & nasal cavity
1. external nares (nostrils) allows air in
2. nasal septum (separates L & R nasal cavities)
3. vestibule
4. internal nares
5. hard palate
6. soft palate
7. nasal conchae
8. nasal meatuses
2 nasal mucosa types and epithelium composition
1. olfactory mucosa - houses olfactory receptors (pseudostratified epithelium)
2. respiratory mucosa- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, contains goblet cells and mucous
glands that both secrete mucous) with underlying lamina propria
what are bones that contain sinuses?
paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx
Internal Respiration, Gas Transport, Oxygen Utilization, CO2 Transport, Hypoxia,
Hypercapnia, Hypocapnia, Conducting Zone, Respiratory Zone, Nose & Nasal
Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchial Tree, Alveoli, Type I & II Alveolar
Cells, Surfactant, Respiratory Membrane, Pleura, Pulmonary Pressures,
Pulmonary Volumes & Capacities, Lung Compliance, Airway Resistance, Alveolar
Surface Tension, Ventral & Dorsal Respiratory Groups, Pontine Respiratory
Center, Chemoreceptors, Bohr Effect, Haldane Effect Exam Questions Verified
and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
list 4 major functions of the respiratory system
1.cellular respiration (produces energy- ATP)
2.conditions air
3. vocalization
4. pH regulation
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the lungs (breathing)
External respiration involves the
diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood in the lungs
gas transport
the process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa
internal respiration
,Exchange of gases between systemic cells of the body and the blood
Why do we need oxygen?
Oxygen is needed for cell respiration and energy metabolism (needed ATP production)
conducting zone consists of:
consists of the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, ends at terminal
bronchioles. These structures form a continuous passageway for air to move in and out of the lungs.
purpose of conducting zone
conducts air towards alveoli
warms
humidifies
filters
(no gas exchange-"anatomic dead space")
respiratory zone components
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
purpose of respiratory zone
site of gas exchange
4 functions of nose and nasal cavity
, 1. Inhaled air is warmed and humidified
2. Debris is filtered from inhaled air and antibacterial substances are secreted
3. Olfactory receptors are housed
4. is a resonating chamber for speech
8 components of nose & nasal cavity
1. external nares (nostrils) allows air in
2. nasal septum (separates L & R nasal cavities)
3. vestibule
4. internal nares
5. hard palate
6. soft palate
7. nasal conchae
8. nasal meatuses
2 nasal mucosa types and epithelium composition
1. olfactory mucosa - houses olfactory receptors (pseudostratified epithelium)
2. respiratory mucosa- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, contains goblet cells and mucous
glands that both secrete mucous) with underlying lamina propria
what are bones that contain sinuses?
paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx
