Cardiovascular and Mobility:Pediatric Trauma, Unintentional Injuries,
Immobilization, Musculoskeletal Atrophy, Osteoporosis, Fractures, Epiphyseal
Injuries, Greenstick Fracture, Comminuted Fracture, Traction, Cast Care,
Orthotics, Prosthetics, Amputation, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), Systemic
Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Congenital Heart Disease (CHD), Tetralogy of Fallot,
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), Atrial Septal
Defect (ASD), Coarctation of the Aorta, Hypercyanotic Spells, Heart Failure,
Polycythemia, Hypoxemia, Cyanosis, Cardiac Catheterization, Pericarditis,
Rheumatic Heart Disease, Endocarditis, Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis (SBE)
Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales
Latest Updated 2026
Epidemiology of Trauma
Trauma is leading cause of death in children older than 1 year.
Aspects of injury are affected by the developmental stage of child.
Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death in children 1 to19 years: approximately 50% due to
MVAs followed by drowning.
How can injuries be prevented?
Careful history.
Discharge planning.
Routine well child exams.
School & community education programs.
What are some causes of immobilization?
Congenital defects.
Neuromuscular conditions.
Need for prolonged ventilation & sedation.
Infections or injuries that impair the integumentary, musculoskeletal or neurological systems.
,Surgical intervention or traction requiring period of immobilization.
What are some consequences of immobilization?
Physical
Social
Psychologic
Emotional
When is the heart fully functioning in gestation?
8 weeks.
What is the organ of oxygen during gestation?
Placenta.
Ductus Venosus
Connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver.
(Functionally within minutes)(Structurally 1 week after birth)
Ductus Arteriosus
A blood vessel in a fetus that bypasses pulmonary circulation by connecting the pulmonary artery
directly to the ascending aorta.
,(Functionally within minutes)(structurally closes 2-3 days after birth)
Foramen Ovale
Connects the two atria in the fetal heart.
(Closes completely, a few months after birth)(Air in lungs cause increased pressure which will close the
flap.)
What process begins the closure of fetal shunts?
The birthing process.
What is the most common birth defect?
Heart defects; leading cause of birth defect-related deaths.
Congenital Cardiac Defects
Present at birth.
2 Categories:
- Heart Failure
- Hypoxia
Acquired Heart Disorders
Occur after birth, seen in normal heart or in the presence of congenital defects.
Infection, autoimmune responses, environmental factors & familial tendencies.
, Atria (upper chambers), Ventricles (lower chambers)
Mediastinum
Area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and trachea
Pericardium
Membrane surrounding the heart
Cardiac Output
heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output
Preload
The amount of stretch left in ventricles at end of diastole.
Afterload
The force or resistance against which the heart pumps.
Contractility
Ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated.
What should we ask when assessing the heart health of a child?
Immobilization, Musculoskeletal Atrophy, Osteoporosis, Fractures, Epiphyseal
Injuries, Greenstick Fracture, Comminuted Fracture, Traction, Cast Care,
Orthotics, Prosthetics, Amputation, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), Systemic
Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Congenital Heart Disease (CHD), Tetralogy of Fallot,
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), Atrial Septal
Defect (ASD), Coarctation of the Aorta, Hypercyanotic Spells, Heart Failure,
Polycythemia, Hypoxemia, Cyanosis, Cardiac Catheterization, Pericarditis,
Rheumatic Heart Disease, Endocarditis, Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis (SBE)
Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales
Latest Updated 2026
Epidemiology of Trauma
Trauma is leading cause of death in children older than 1 year.
Aspects of injury are affected by the developmental stage of child.
Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death in children 1 to19 years: approximately 50% due to
MVAs followed by drowning.
How can injuries be prevented?
Careful history.
Discharge planning.
Routine well child exams.
School & community education programs.
What are some causes of immobilization?
Congenital defects.
Neuromuscular conditions.
Need for prolonged ventilation & sedation.
Infections or injuries that impair the integumentary, musculoskeletal or neurological systems.
,Surgical intervention or traction requiring period of immobilization.
What are some consequences of immobilization?
Physical
Social
Psychologic
Emotional
When is the heart fully functioning in gestation?
8 weeks.
What is the organ of oxygen during gestation?
Placenta.
Ductus Venosus
Connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver.
(Functionally within minutes)(Structurally 1 week after birth)
Ductus Arteriosus
A blood vessel in a fetus that bypasses pulmonary circulation by connecting the pulmonary artery
directly to the ascending aorta.
,(Functionally within minutes)(structurally closes 2-3 days after birth)
Foramen Ovale
Connects the two atria in the fetal heart.
(Closes completely, a few months after birth)(Air in lungs cause increased pressure which will close the
flap.)
What process begins the closure of fetal shunts?
The birthing process.
What is the most common birth defect?
Heart defects; leading cause of birth defect-related deaths.
Congenital Cardiac Defects
Present at birth.
2 Categories:
- Heart Failure
- Hypoxia
Acquired Heart Disorders
Occur after birth, seen in normal heart or in the presence of congenital defects.
Infection, autoimmune responses, environmental factors & familial tendencies.
, Atria (upper chambers), Ventricles (lower chambers)
Mediastinum
Area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and trachea
Pericardium
Membrane surrounding the heart
Cardiac Output
heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output
Preload
The amount of stretch left in ventricles at end of diastole.
Afterload
The force or resistance against which the heart pumps.
Contractility
Ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated.
What should we ask when assessing the heart health of a child?
