LJU4804 PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
SCRIPT 2026 TESTED QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ What is the International community? Answer: originally interstate
community → international law
today: international recognition of an individual
+ creation and multiplication of international organizations
It's no longer interstate but IL is about the role of states in international
relations and about the influence of state sovereignty in IL
⩥ Who are the subjects of international law? Answer: States - double
role: creators of IL + addressees of IL
⩥ What spheres are regulated by IL? Answer: Cooperation, settlement of
disputes, human rights and other spheres
⩥ What is covered under cooperation? Answer: (diplomatic
relations,peaceful coexistence,communication,trade/commercial
law,State jurisdiction,law of the sea, law of outer space, polar regions
(common heritage of mankind)environmental law, procedural rules -
treaty law, international organizations, international institutional law)
,⩥ What is covered under settlement of disputes? Answer: peaceful
settlement of disputes (mediation, judicial methodes, diplomatic action
etc.)
recourse to coercion (sanctions, use of force)
international humanitarian law
international responsibility for the violation of IL
⩥ what are the main principles of IL? Answer: Sovereign equality
Pacta sunt servanda
Prohibition to use force
Peaceful settlement of disputes
International cooperation
Non-intervention
Self-determination
⩥ what is the principle of soverign equality? Answer: confirms the
fundamental character of today's public international law - cooperative
body of law - and of the international community - based on the equality
of States before the law
sovereignty + equality
other principles derive from it: non-intervention, respect for territorial
integrity ..., permanent sovereignty over natural resources, immunities of
State's leaders and members of government in foreign States etc.
,Sovereign equality
- States are subject only to international law
- States have an identic international legal personality = is expressed by
the maximum of competences an entity can possess on the international
level: the same capacity to act, to obtain rights and assume obligations
the same rights and obligations within the conditions posed by
international law
equal participation in the creation of international law
- sovereign equality and United Nations (equal particiation in all
activities, organs)
equality before law x differentiated treatement
⩥ What is state sovereignty? Answer: in the international order,
characteristics of a State meaning that it is not subject to any other
power of the same nature
power of the State to decide itself the limits of its powers without any
external interference
⩥ What is Pacta sunt survanda? Answer: broader sense: States shall
fulfill in good faith their international obligations → to comply with all
public international law
→ obligations assumed by States in accordance with the UN Charter;
international treaties and customs and other relevant sources of IL
, → "in good faith": according to the treaty's letter and spirit (Art. 26,
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties)
⩥ What is the prohibition to use force? Answer: "the corner stone of
peace in the Charter", "the basic rule of contemporary public
international law"
threat and use of force
armed force; indirect use of force
territorial integrity, political independence
or in any other manner inconsistent
← Article 2 (4) of the UN Charter
⩥ What are the two exceptions to the prohibition to use force? Answer: 2
exceptions: UN Security Council's authorization, right to self-defence
attempts to justify 2 exceptions external to the UN Charter:
right of a State to assure a protection of its citizens abroad in a state of
emergency endangering their life abroad
humanitarian intervention (massive and flagrant violations of human
rights, without the consent of the State and the UN Security Council)
⩥ What is peaceful settlement of disputes? Answer: necessary
correlation of the prohibition to use force - force is excluded from the
solution of disputes → disputes must be settled peacefully
different means enumerated in the UN Charter
SCRIPT 2026 TESTED QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ What is the International community? Answer: originally interstate
community → international law
today: international recognition of an individual
+ creation and multiplication of international organizations
It's no longer interstate but IL is about the role of states in international
relations and about the influence of state sovereignty in IL
⩥ Who are the subjects of international law? Answer: States - double
role: creators of IL + addressees of IL
⩥ What spheres are regulated by IL? Answer: Cooperation, settlement of
disputes, human rights and other spheres
⩥ What is covered under cooperation? Answer: (diplomatic
relations,peaceful coexistence,communication,trade/commercial
law,State jurisdiction,law of the sea, law of outer space, polar regions
(common heritage of mankind)environmental law, procedural rules -
treaty law, international organizations, international institutional law)
,⩥ What is covered under settlement of disputes? Answer: peaceful
settlement of disputes (mediation, judicial methodes, diplomatic action
etc.)
recourse to coercion (sanctions, use of force)
international humanitarian law
international responsibility for the violation of IL
⩥ what are the main principles of IL? Answer: Sovereign equality
Pacta sunt servanda
Prohibition to use force
Peaceful settlement of disputes
International cooperation
Non-intervention
Self-determination
⩥ what is the principle of soverign equality? Answer: confirms the
fundamental character of today's public international law - cooperative
body of law - and of the international community - based on the equality
of States before the law
sovereignty + equality
other principles derive from it: non-intervention, respect for territorial
integrity ..., permanent sovereignty over natural resources, immunities of
State's leaders and members of government in foreign States etc.
,Sovereign equality
- States are subject only to international law
- States have an identic international legal personality = is expressed by
the maximum of competences an entity can possess on the international
level: the same capacity to act, to obtain rights and assume obligations
the same rights and obligations within the conditions posed by
international law
equal participation in the creation of international law
- sovereign equality and United Nations (equal particiation in all
activities, organs)
equality before law x differentiated treatement
⩥ What is state sovereignty? Answer: in the international order,
characteristics of a State meaning that it is not subject to any other
power of the same nature
power of the State to decide itself the limits of its powers without any
external interference
⩥ What is Pacta sunt survanda? Answer: broader sense: States shall
fulfill in good faith their international obligations → to comply with all
public international law
→ obligations assumed by States in accordance with the UN Charter;
international treaties and customs and other relevant sources of IL
, → "in good faith": according to the treaty's letter and spirit (Art. 26,
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties)
⩥ What is the prohibition to use force? Answer: "the corner stone of
peace in the Charter", "the basic rule of contemporary public
international law"
threat and use of force
armed force; indirect use of force
territorial integrity, political independence
or in any other manner inconsistent
← Article 2 (4) of the UN Charter
⩥ What are the two exceptions to the prohibition to use force? Answer: 2
exceptions: UN Security Council's authorization, right to self-defence
attempts to justify 2 exceptions external to the UN Charter:
right of a State to assure a protection of its citizens abroad in a state of
emergency endangering their life abroad
humanitarian intervention (massive and flagrant violations of human
rights, without the consent of the State and the UN Security Council)
⩥ What is peaceful settlement of disputes? Answer: necessary
correlation of the prohibition to use force - force is excluded from the
solution of disputes → disputes must be settled peacefully
different means enumerated in the UN Charter
